• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2002

목적 : 서울대학교 의과대학 치료방사선과학교실에서는 생체내(in vivo) 선량측정시 방사선 조사 조건으로부터 투과 선량을 예측하는데 필요한 투과선량 계산 알고리즘을 개발한 바 있으며 조사면 내에 조직의 일부가 결손된 경우에도 적용할 수 있도록 보정 알고리즘을 개발하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 알고리즘을 개발하기 위한 기본 자료를 마련하기 위하여 측정을 시행하였다. 측정에는 선형가속기의 6 MV 및 10 MV X선을 이용하였고 측정기 및 전위계를 사용하였다. 측정조건은 조사면의 크기는 $10\times10\;cm^2,\;20\times20\;m^2$ 및 $30\times30\;cm^2$으로 하였고, 팬톰 두께는 20 cm, PCD는 10 cm, 30 cm 및 50 cm로 하였다. 이때 팬톰이 조사면의 일부에서 결손되도록 하였으며 결손 범위를 0 내지 $100\%$로 하였다. 또한 조직 결손 및 불규칙한 윤곽선을 가진 경우에 알고리즘의 정확도를 평가하기 위하여 조직 결손이 가장 심한 경우에 해당하는 유방암 환자를 모델로 팬톰 모형을 만들어 투과선량을 측정하였다. 결과 : 조사면의 일부에 존재하는 조직 결손이 투과 선량에 미치는 영향을 보정하기 위한 알고리즘을 물리학적 이론을 이용하여 개발하였으며 알고리즘은 다양한 측정조건들에서 측정값과 대부분 ${\pm}1.0\%$이내의 오차를 보였다. 유방암환자의 모형을 이용한 측정값과는 ${\pm}3\%$ 이내의 오차를 나타내었다. 결론 : 투과선량 계산 알고리즘은 조직이 일부 결손된 경우의 대부분에서 ${\pm}1.0\%$ 이하의 오차 범위로 정확히 투과선량을 계산할 수 있었고 임상적으로 극단적인 조건에서도 ${\pm}3.0\%$ 이내의 오차를 보이므로 임상적용이 충분히 가능함을 알 수 있었다.,\;76\%,\;75\%$였다. 결론 : 국한성 두경부 대세포성 림프종에서 항암화학방사선 병용요법 시 종양의 크기가 5 cm 미만인 경우에는 30Gy의 방사선 조사선량으로도 국소제어를 할 수 있다. 따라서 방사선치료에 따르는 구강건조증을 최소화시킬 수 있을 것이다. 5 cm 이상의 종양에서는 30 Gy 이상의 방사선 조사 선량이 필요하리라 생각된다.있었다. 또한 전산화단층촬영영상을 얻음으로써 중요정상조직인 안구, 척수 등을 정확하게 설정할 수 있었고, 조사면 결정과 차폐의 정확성을 증진시킬 수 있었다. 환자 자세 오차는 디지털화재구성사진과 치료 시마다 얻은 포트필름에서 치료중심점과 척수 사이의 거리를 측정하여 3 mm 이내의 정확성을 얻을 수 있었다. 결론 : 전산화단층촬영모의치료장치로 체적영상을 얻고 가상현실모의치료계획으로 배와위 두개척수 방사선치료계획을 정확하고 용이하게 실현할 수 있었다. 따라서 배와위 두개척수 방사선치료는 복와위를 취할 수 없어서 치료가 힘든 소아환자, 전신상태가 좋지 않거나 기관절개술이 시행되어 있는 환자에서 유용한 방법임을 알 수 있었다.in 이하의 저혈류량 분포가 감소하였고, 평균 혈류량은 $23.5\%$ 증가되었다(p=0.0004). 결론 : GBE는 방사선 일회 조사시 뿐만 아니라 분할조사시에도 방사선치료의 효과를 유의하게 증가시켰다. 또한 정상근육에 비하여 종양의 혈류량을 선택적으로 증가시킴이 확인되었다.높았다.는 다변량 분석을 시행한 결과 N 병기, 수술 여부, 나이였고 국소종양 제어율에 영향을 미치는 유의한 인자는 N 병기, 수술 여부, ECOG 활동도였다. 방사선 단독치료군에서 다변량 분석결과 생존율과 국소종양제어율 모두에 유의한 인자는 방사선치료 후 종양반응과 N 병기였다. 결론 : 조기 병기의 성문상부암에서는 통상적인 방사선단독치료로 후두기능을 보존하면서 수술군과 대등한 종양제어율을 보여주었다. 그러나 진행된

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.207-215
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• 1999

The objectives of this study are to explain the use of media materials in school health education with other related factors in elementary, middle, and high schools in Korea. The data were collected by questionnaires from June to September in 1998. The number of subjects were 294 school nurses. The PC-SAS program was used for statistical analysis such as percent distribution, chi-squared test, spearman correlation test, and logistic regression. The use of media materials in health education has become extremely common. Unfortunately, much of the early materials were of poor production quality, reflected low levels of interest, and generally did little to enhance health education programming. A recent trend in media materials is a move away from the fact filled production to a more affective, process-oriented approach. There is an obvious need for health educators to use high-quality, polished productions in order to counteract the same levels of quality used by commercial agencies that often promote "unhealthy" lifestyles. Health educators need to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of the various forms of media. Selecting media materials should be based on more than cost, availability, and personal preference. Selection should be based on the goal of achieving behavioral objectives formulated before the review process begins. The decision to use no media materials rather than something of dubious quality usually be the right decision. Poor-quality, outdated, or boring materials will usually have a detrimental effect on the presentation. Media materials should be viewed as vehicles to enhance learning, not products that will stand in isolation. Process of materials is an essential part of the educational process. The major results were as follows : 1. The elementary schools used the materials more frequently. But the production rate of media materials was not enough. The budget was too small for a wide use of media materials in school health education. These findings suggest that all schools have to increase the budget of health education programs. 2. Computers offer an incredibly diverse set of possibilities for use in health education, ranging from complicated statistical analysis to elementary-school-level health education games. But the use rate of this material was not high. The development of related software is essential. Health educators would be well advised to develop a basic operating knowledge of media equipment. 3. In this study, the most effective materials were films in elementary school and videotapes in middle and high school. Film tends to be a more emotive medium than videotape. The difficulties of media selection involved the small amount of extant educational materials. Media selection is a multifaceted process and should be based on a combination of sound principles. 4. The review of material use following student levels showed that the more the contents were various, the more the use rate was high. 5. Health education videotapes and overhead projectors proved the most plentiful and widest media tools. The information depicted was more likely to be current. As a means to display both text and graphic information, this instructional medium has proven to be both effective and enduring. 6. An analysis of how effective the quality of school nurse and school use of media materials shows a result that is not complete (p=0.1113). But, the budget of health education is a significant variable. The increase of the budget therefore is essential to effective use of media materials. From these results it is recommended that various media materials be developed and be wide used.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.25-42
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• 2004

This study set out to investigate the relations between middle school students' perception of body image and their allowance for plastic surgery, to understand their perception of body image and desire for plastic surgery, and provide some data needed to warn against reckless plastic surgery and guide the students effectively. For those purposes, an examination was conducted of the relationships between the individual characteristics and perception levels of body image, the individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery, and perception levels of body image and allowance for plastic surgery. The subjects were drawn from sour middle schools located in two regions of Gyeonggi Province. Total 922 boys and girls were surveyed on a questionnaire, which was developed based on the pretest of previous literature, reviewed for appropriateness, and tested for reliability and reasonableness. The body image on the five scale was greater as the perception level was higher. The allowance for plastic surgery was also greater as the scores were more. The findings were as follows: First, the relationships between individual characteristics and perception levels of body image were examined. The third graders showed the highest perception level, being followed by the first and second graders. The girls were more perceptive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more perceptive than those who were introvert. Those students whose parents earned 2 million won or more a month and who adapted themselves to the environmental changes had a higher perception level. In a word, the girls from the middle class that were well adapted, felt happy, and were extrovert had a higher perception level of body image. Second, the connections between individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery were investigated. The third graders were the most admissive of plastic surgery, followed by the second and first graders. That is, the upper graders were more admissive of plastic surgery. In addition, the girls were more admissive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more than those who were introvert. There were no significant differences according to the monthly income of the parents, grades, adaptability to surroundings, and happiness, which results almost resembled the findings of a study conducted on adults. Third, there were negative correlations found between the perception levels of body image and the allowance for plastic surgery. To elaborate, the higher the perception levels were, the lower the allowance was, and vice versa. As for the items, the subjects showed more allowance for plastic surgery when they scored less in the item of caring about appearance, importance of looking pretty to others, and efforts to improve appearance. When they had a low value of body and easily felt tired, they were highly acceptive of plastic surgery. The allowance for plastic surgery was also great when their perception was much of how healthy they felt, how important they felt about their bodies, how they were satisfied with their current appearances, how they evaluated the appearance of others, how much they were satisfied physically, and how much demanding they were for physical changes. Meanwhile, there were no correlations between the allowance and physical attraction, the degree for one's activities to be hindered, and sickness. In short, the demand for plastic surgery was 41% for the girls and 20.2% for the boys. Just as the study on adults reported, those who had a low or negative perception of body image were more acceptive of plastic surgery. The middle school students were generally positive about their bodies with the lowest perception level at 2.91 and the highest at 3.21. Their individual allowance for plastic surgery was related to their individual body images, which were in turn affected by the mass communication, surrounding environments, and social values. Thus it's necessary for the entire society to try to improve or change the overall perception. Helping measures should be taken so that the students can form right sense of values about their bodies, avoid the obsession with appearance and appearance-based evaluation, and exercise righteous criteria against humans beings and things. In conclusions, the following suggestions were made: they need to develop such questionnaires or tools as can measure the body image of teens and fit the reality. Moreover, body image improvement programs should be more diverse and more applicable to teens. Despite the consistent reports that prove the correlations between body image and plastic surgery, there has been little effort to apply such factors as experience of the life of the disabled, volunteer activities for the disabled and at the hospitals, and others that can induce changes to body image to the body image improvement programs. In the future, comparative research should be carried out on body image and plastic surgery.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.552-558
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 원격 방사선 측정을 위한 ZigBee 원칩형 통신 모듈 설계방법을 제안한다. 제안된 ZigBee 원칩형 통신모듈 설계는 ZigBee 시스템 구성을 위해 일반적으로 사용되는 2개의 칩 제어 프로세서와 ZigBee RF 디바이스로 구성되는 방식을 한 개의 칩 모듈로 설계한다. 원격 방사선 측정을 위한 ZigBee 원칩형 통신 모듈은 무선통신 통합제어부, 센서 및 고전압 발생부, 충전 및 전원회로부, 유선통신부, RF 회로부 및 안테나부 등으로 구성된다. 무선통신 통합제어부는 ZigBee를 위한 무선통신 제어 기능 및 방사선 측정 및 제어를 위한 기능을 수행한다. 센서 및 고전압 발생부는 2차에 걸쳐 500V의 고전압을 생성하여 GM Tube를 통해 감지된 방사선에 대한 펄스를 증폭 필터링 하는 기능을 수행한다. 충전 및 전원회로부는 리튬이온 배터리의 충전 및 원칩 프로세서에 전원을 공급하는 기능을 수행한다. 유선통신부는 PC와의 인터페이스 및 디버깅을 위한 USB 인터페이스 및 원거리 유선 통신이 가능하도록 RS-485/422 인터페이스 기능을 수행한다. RF 회로부 및 안테나부는 칩안테나를 적용할 수 있도록 RLC 수동소자를 적용하여 BALUN 및 안테나 임피던스 매칭 회로를 구성하여 무선통신이 가능하도록 한다. 제안된 원격 방사선 측정을 위한 ZigBee 원칩형 통신 모듈을 설계 실험한 결과, 10m, 100m 구간에서 모두 데이터가 정상적으로 전송되어서 원격 방사선량 측정이 되었음을 확인할 수가 있었다. 또한 낮은 소비전류와 적은 비용으로 원격 방사선량 측정환경을 구축할 수 있었다. 따라서 방사선 측정장치의 선형성 확보 및 장치의 소형화를 통해 안정적인 방사선 측정 및 실시간 모니터링 환경을 구축할 수가 있었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.43-72
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• 2009

Recently, user-created content (UCC) have emerged as popular medium of on-line participation among users. The Internet environment has been constantly evolving, attracting active participation and information sharing among common users. This tendency is a significant deviation from the earlier Internet use as an one-way information channel through which users passively received information or contents from contents providers. Thanks to UCCs online users can now more freely generate and exchange contents; therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect content-generating activities has increasingly become an important issue. This paper proposes a set of critical factors for stimulating contents generation and sharing activities by Internet users. These factors were derived from the theories of folklores such as tales and songs. Based on some shared traits of folklores and UCC content, we found four critical elements which should be heeded in constructing UCC contents, which are: context of culture, context of situation, skill of generator, and response of audience. In addition, we selected three major UCC websites: a specialized contents portal, a general internet portal, and an official contents service site, They have different use environments, user interfaces, and service policies, To identify critical factors for generating, sharing and transferring UCC, we traced user activities, interactions and flows of content in the three UCC websites. Moreover, we conducted extensive interviews with users and operators as well as policy makers in each site. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, this research identifies nine critical factors that facilitate contents generation and sharing activities among users. In the context of culture, we suggest voluntary community norms, proactive use of copyrights, strong user relationships, and a fair monetary reward system as critical elements in facilitating the process of contents generation and sharing activities. Norms which were established by users themselves regulate user behavior and influence content format. Strong relationships of users stimulate content generation activities by enhancing collaborative content generation. Particularly, users generate contents through collaboration with others, based on their enhanced relationship and specialized skills. They send and receive contents by leaving messages on website or blogs, using instant messenger or SMS. It is an interesting and important phenomenon, because the quality of contents can be constantly improved and revised, depending on the specialized abilities of those engaged in a particular content. In this process, the reward system is an essential driving factor. Yet, monetary reward should be considered only after some fair criterion is established. In terms of the context of the situation, the quality of contents uploading system was proposed to have strong influence on the content generating activities. Among other influential factors on contents generation activities are generators' specialized skills and involvement of the users were proposed. In addition, the audience response, especially effective development of shared interests as well as feedback, was suggested to have significant influence on contents generation activities. Content generators usually reflect the shared interest of others. Shared interest is a distinct characteristic of UCC and observed in all the three websites, in which common interest is formed by the "threads" embedded with content. Through such threads of information and contents users discuss and share ideas while continuously extending and updating shared contents in the process. Evidently, UCC is a new paradigm representing the next generation of the Internet. In order to fully utilize this innovative paradigm, we need to understand how users take advantage of this medium in generating contents, and what affects their content generation activities. Based on these findings, UCC service providers should design their websites as common playground where users freely interact and share their common interests. As such this paper makes an important first step to gaining better understand about this new communication paradigm created by UCC.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.212-223
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 방사선치료용 선형가속기의 갠트리 회전에 따른 온-보드 영상장치(on-board imager, OBI)의 회전중심점의 위치 정확도 확인을 위해 제조사에서 제공된 고객인수시험절차서(customer accetpance procedure, CAP)상에서 명시된 방법을 비롯하여 OBI 선원 위치 $0^{\circ},\;90^{\circ},\;180^{\circ},\;270^{\circ}$에서 획득된 영상, 갠트리 각도 $10^{\circ}$ 간격으로 촬영된 영상, 콘빔 CT 재구성을 위한 미처리 투사영상 등에 디지털 영상처리 기법을 적용하여 자동으로 오차를 계산하는 새로 제안된 세 가지의 방법들을 각기 적용하여 그 오차를 평가하고 각 방법의 효용성에 대하여 검증하였다. 갠트리 회전에 따른 OBI 회전중심점의 오차 변화 양상 확인을 위해서는 $10^{\circ}$ 간격으로 영상 촬영 후 5차 다항식을 이용하여 조정함수(fitted function)를 구하는 방법이 적절하지만 정도관리 목적으로 최대 오차만을 구하고자 할 경우에는 $0^{\circ},\;90^{\circ},\;180^{\circ},\;270^{\circ}$ 등 네 방향에서 촬영된 영상을 이용하여 계산하는 것으로도 충분하였다. 각 방법을 적용하여 오차를 구한 결과 OBI 선원의 위치가 $90^{\circ}$부터 $180^{\circ}$ 사이일 경우 가장 크게 나타났으며 최대값은 0.44 mm였다. 또한 기간에 따른 OBI 회전중심점의 변화 양상은 최대 0.6 mm 이내로 안정적으로 유지되고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 방법이 주기적인 정도관리에 적용된다면 간단하면서도 비교적 정확하게 평가를 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2011

목적: 산모와 신생아 환자의 응급 진료는 치료의 특수성 때문에 치료할 수 있는 의료 기관 및 자원이 한정적이며, 상황에 따라 유동적으로 변화한다. 이에 저자들은 부산 지역 1339 응급의료 정보 센터를 통해 산모와 신생아 환자의 전원 상태를 조사하고, 주산기 의료 전달 체계의 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 2009년 1월 1일부터 2009년 12월 31일까지 부산 지역 1339 응급 의료 정보 센터 전산 시스템에 입력된 자료를 이용하였다. 전원이 의뢰된 산모 378명과 신생아 136명을 대상으로 전원 성공률, 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관 수 및 소요 시간, 전원 이유, 전원 거절 이유를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 산모는 전원 성공률이 65.5%였고, 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관은 2.7개, 소요 시간은 평균 24.4분(11.3-29.8분)이었다. 전원을 의뢰한 이유는 미숙아 분만이 가장 많았고, 전원이 거절된 이유는 의료진 부족, 의료 장비 부족, 병상 부족 순이었다. 신생아는 전원 성공률이 71.3%였고. 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관은 2.4개, 소요 시간은 평균 15.6분(7.9-21.3분)이었다. 전원을 의뢰한 이유는 호흡기 증상이 가장 많았고, 전원이 거절된 이유는 병상 부족, 의료 장비 부족, 의료진 부족 순이었다. 결론: 응급 의료 정보 센터를 통해 많은 산모와 신생아가 전원되나 전원 성공률은 높지 않았다. 산모와 신생아 환자에 대한 주산기 진료 체계의 적정성 평가와 함께 앞으로 통합적이고 지역화된 주산기 의료 전달 체계의 구축을 위해서는 국가적 차원의 접근이 필요하겠다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제14호
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• pp.125-158
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• 2012

After liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, there was the three-year period of United States Army Military Government in Korea. In 1948, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and Republic of Korea were established in the north and south of the Korean Peninsula. The Republic of Korea is now a modern state set in the southern part of the Korean. We usually refer to Koreans as people who belong to the Republic of Korea. Can we say that is true exactly? Why make of this an obsolete question? The period from 1945 when Korea was emancipated from Japanese colonial rule to 1948 when the Republic of Korea was established has not been a focus of modern Korean history. This three years remains empty in Korean history and makes the concept of 'Korean' we usually consider ambiguous, and prompts careful attention to the silence of 'some Koreans' forced to live against their will in the blurred boundaries between nation and people. This dissertation regards 'Koreans' who came to live in the border of nations, especially 'Korean-Japanese third generation women artists'who are marginalized both Japan and Korea. It questions the category of 'Korean women's art' that has so far been considered, based on the concept of territory, and presents a new perspective for viewing 'Korean women's art'. Almost no study on Korean-Japanese women's art has been conducted, based on research on Korean diaspora, and no systematic historical records exist. Even data-collection is limited due to the political situation of South and North in confrontation. Representation of the Mother Country on the Artworks by First and Second-Generation Korean-Japanese(Zainich) Women Artists after Liberation since 1945 was published in 2011 is the only dissertation in which Korean-Japanese women artists, and early artistic activities. That research is based on press releases and interviews obtained through Japan. This thesis concentrates on the world of Korean-Japanese third generation women artists such as Kim Jung-sook, Kim Ae-soon, and Han Sung-nam, permanent residents in Japan who still have Korean nationality. The three Korean-Japanese third generation women artists whose art world is reviewed in this thesis would like to reveal their voices as minorities in Japan and Korea, resisting power and the universal concepts of nation, people and identity. Questioning the general notions of 'Korean women' and 'Korean women's art'considered within the Korean Peninsula, they explore their identity as Korean women outside the Korean territory from a post-territorial perspective and have a new understanding of the minority's diversity and difference through their eyes as marginal women living outside the mainstream of Korean and Japanese society. This is associated with recent post-colonial critical viewpoints reconsidering myths of universalism and transcendental aesthetic measures. In the 1980s and 1990s art museums and galleries in New York tried a critical shift in aesthetic discourse on contemporary art history, analyzed how power relationships among such elements as gender, sexuality, race, nationalism. Ghost of Ethnicity: Rethinking Art Discourses of the 1940s and 1980s by Lisa Bloom is an obvious presentation about the post-colonial discourse. Lisa Bloom rethinks the diversity of race, ethnicity, sexuality, and gender each artist and critic has, she began a new discussion on artists who were anti-establishment artists alienated by mainstream society. As migration rapidly increased through globalism lead by the United States the aspects of diaspora experience emerges as critical issues in interpreting contemporary culture. As a new concept of art with hybrid cultural backgrounds exists, each artist's cultural identity and specificity should be viewed and interpreted in a sociopolitical context. A criticism started considering the distinct characteristics of each individual's historical experience and cultural identity, and paying attention to experience of the third world artist, especially women artists, confronting the power of modernist discourses from a perspective of the white male subject. Considering recent international contemporary art, the Korean-Japanese third generation women artists who clarify their cultural identity as minority living in the border between Korea and Japan may present a new direction for contemporary Korean art. Their art world derives from their diaspora experience on colonial trauma historically. Their works made us to see that it is also associated with postcolonial critical perspective in the recent contemporary art stream. And it reminds us of rethinking the diversity of the minority living outside mainstream society. Thus, this should be considered as one of the features in the context of Korean women's art.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.72-81
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• 2013

본 실험에서는 돈분뇨의 혐기소화 과정에서 발생하는 소화폐액을 액비로 자원화하기 위해 기존의 SCB 기법(퇴비단 여과)을 적용하여 그 효과를 검토하였으며, 여과재의 선택과 여과단 구성방법이 여과작용에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 평가하였다. 주요 결과를 요약하면 (a) 퇴비단 여과상을 이용하여 돈분뇨 슬러리 혐기소화폐액을 여과하였을 경우, EC, BOD, SS는 낮아지고 T-N, T-P는 상승하는 것을 확인하였으며, 이러한 변화는 여과액이 액비로서 지니는 가치를 상승시키는 효과라고 볼 수 있다. (b) 3가지의 퇴비단 조합들(T1, T2, T3)을 비교해 볼 때 대부분의 지표에서 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다 따라서 값비싼 원료인 톱밥을 저가의 왕겨 또는 목편으로 일부 대체하였을때 퇴비단의 여과 능력에는 큰 변화가 없을 것으로 판단된다. (c) 초기 여과액에서는 BOD가 매우 높게 유지되었으나 여과상의 미생물이 충분히 증식함에 따라 하향 안정되었다. 반면 T-N, T-P의 경우 초기에는 낮은 수준을 유지하다가 15일 이후 원수와 비슷한 수준으로 유지되었다. 이 결과에서 퇴비단 운영 시작 후 20일 이내에 얻어진 여과액은 액비로 사용하기에는 적합하지 않으며 사용을 제한할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. (d) 계절적인 영향에 의한 외기온도의 저하로 퇴비단 내부 온도가 저하되었으나 여과효율에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.108-117
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• 1997

This study was carried out to examine the standards for evaluation of laboratory facilities and equipment. These constitute the most important yet vulnerable area of our system of higher education among the six school evaluation categories provided by the Korean Council for University Education. To obtain data on the present situation of holdings and management of laboratory facilities and equipment at nursing schools in Korea, questionnaires were prepared by members of a special committee of the Korea Nursing Education Society on the basis of the Standards for University Laboratory Facilities and Equipment issued by the Ministry of Education. The questionnaires were sent to nursing schools across the nation by mail on October 4, 1995. 39 institutions completed and returned the questionnaires by mail by December 31 of the same year. The results of the analysis of the survey were as follows: 1. The Physical Environment of Laboratories According to the results of investigation of 14 nursing departments at four-year colleges, laboratories vary in size ranging from 24 to 274.91 pyeong ($1{\;}pyeong{\;}={\;}3.3m^2).$. The average number of students in a laboratory class was 46.93 at four-year colleges, while the number ranged from 40 to 240 in junior colleges. The average floor space of laboratories at junior colleges, however, was almost the same as those, of laboratories at four-year colleges. 2. The Actual State of Laboratory Facilities and Equipment Laboratory equipment possessed by nursing schools at colleges and universities showed a very wide distribution by type, but most of it does not meet government standards according to applicable regulations while some types of equipment are in excess supply. The same is true of junior colleges. where laboratory equipment should meet a different set of government standards specifically established for junior colleges. Closer investigation is called for with regard to those types of equipment which are in short supply in more than 80 percent of colleges and universities. As for the types of equipment in excess supply, investigation should be carried out to determine whether they are really needed in large quantities or should be installed. In many cases, it would appear that unnecessary equipment is procured, even if it is already obsolete, merely for the sake of holding a seemingly impressive armamentarium. 3. Basic Science Laboratory Equipment Among the 39 institutions, five four-year colleges were found to possess equipment for basic science. Only one type of essential equipment, tele-thermometers, and only two types of recommended equipment, rotators and dip chambers, were installed in sufficient numbers to meet the standards. All junior colleges failed to meet the standards in all of equipment categories. Overall, nursing schools at all of the various institutions were found to be below per in terms of laboratory equipment. 4. Required Equipment In response to the question concerning which type of equipment was most needed and not currently in possession, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) machines and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors topped the list with four respondents each, followed by measuring equipment. 5. Management of Laboratory Equipment According to the survey, the professors in charge of clinical training and teaching assistants are responsible for management of the laboratory at nursing schools at all colleges and universities, whereas the chief of the general affairs section or chairman of the nursing department manages the laboratory at junior colleges. This suggests that the administrative systems are more or less different. According to the above results, laboratory training could be defined as a process by which nursing students pick up many of the nursing skills necessary to become fully qualified nurses. Laboratory training should therefore be carefully planned to provide students with high levels of hands-on experience so that they can effectively handle problems and emergencies in actual situations. All nursing students should therefore be thoroughly drilled and given as much on-the-job experience as possible. In this regard, there is clearly a need to update the equipment criteria as demanded by society's present situation rather than just filling laboratory equipment quotas according to the current criteria.