• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.68-77
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• 2023

The effect of soil damage on the physicochemical characteristics and activity of the soil microbial community is not well known. This study investigates this relationship by analyzing 11 soil samples collected from various points of soil damage across Gyeonggi-do. Soil damage resulted from forest fires, landslides, and development areas, with their impacts most severe on the topsoil layer (0-30 cm). Dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities were notably higher at locations damaged by forest fires compared to other sites. While enzyme activities in soils influenced by landslides and development areas were relatively low, sites with a pollution history exhibited elevated dehydrogenase activity, likely due to past microbial response to the pollution. Additionally, an assessment of carbon substrate usability by soil microorganisms indicated higher substrate availability in areas impacted by forest fires, contrasting with lower availability in landslide and development sites. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between organic content of sand and clay and microbial activity. These findings provide valuable insights into soil damage and associated restoration research, as well as management strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.97-110
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• 2015

This study aimed to classify damaged lands, to find what are the damage factors affecting the studied area, and to present a prescription in order to provide some benefit for the restoration of Regional Ecological Network at Chungnam province. Finally we classified damaged lands from 1st to 4th damaged lands according to relative intensity of damage. The main damage factors for the First Damage Lands were humus horizon, soil hardness and plant species richness. In the Second Damage Lands, those were soil hardness, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In the Third Damage Lands, those were humus horizon, soil hardness, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In the Fourth Damage Lands, those were humus horizon, organic matter, soil hardness, EC, T-N content, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In every cases, the damage of soil and vegetation was originated due to development carried out by human being. The changes in soil condition were not big enough for it to affect plant growth, however, degradation of vegetation was still severe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 2016

It was required to evaluate ecological restorations in a comprehensive way in order to systematically manage conservation areas such as DMZ and national parks in South Korea. In this research we developed a new approach to evaluating ecological restorations with more various indexes than vegetation covering-related indexes. By analyzing damaged areas in the vicinity of DMZ, major damaged types were identified as six classes: landform modification, surface loss, soil pollution, soil physio-chemical modification, vegetation decline and vegetation damaged. From literature review, 39 indexes were selected and were grouped into four divisions: soil property, vegetation growth & structure, habitat property and landscape structure & functions. By conducting a survey with the selected indexes targeting relevant experts, data on relative importance among the divisions and indexes by damaged type were collected. As a result, it was found that the orders and values of weighted values of the divisions were different by damaged type: for example, soil property (0.402), vegetation growth & structure (0.209), habitat property (0.225), landscape structure & function (0.163) for "landform modification"; but soil property (0.171), vegetation growth & structure (0.401), habitat property (0.270), landscape structure & function (0.158) for "vegetation decline". Similarly, evaluation indexes showed different orders and values of relative importance, easiness in field measurement and representativeness for the division by damaged type, and the values were used for calculating importance factor for each index. In the evaluation table, score1 and score2 were made by the importance factors of indexes multiplied by distribution values which present grades and by the weighted values of divisions. In conclusion, while dealing with the damaged type was considered significant for evaluating and managing restorations, further tests on this table with a range of cases were needed to improve its quality.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.923-928
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different types of topsoil in forest ecosystems by damage pattern and analyse the possibility of using the topsoil as a planting ground construction material. There were 72 samples from 36 sites of 12 damaged areas and 36 sites of 12 non-damaged areas. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of topsoil from non-damaged areas of forest ecosystems were on an average clay loam~sandy loam in soil texture, showing $0.95{\sim}1.10Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $35.7{\sim}44.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 56.0~64.3 in soil porosity, 8.4~35.8% in aggregate stability, 5~13 mm in soil hardness, 5.3~6.1 in pH, 0.14~0.65 dS/m in EC, 0.28~0.42% in T-N, $14{\sim}22cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.15{\sim}0.31cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $2.07{\sim}2.84cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.45{\sim}1.97cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 17~96 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 3.2~5.6% in OM. On the other hand, damaged areas were on an average clay loam~loamy sand in soil texture, showing $1.54{\sim}1.75Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $52.8{\sim}58.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 42.0~47.2 in soil porosity, 4.2~22.5% in aggregate stability, 13~25 mm in soil hardness, 4.8~5.5 in pH, 0.13~0.62 dS/m in EC, 0.02~0.12% in T-N, $5{\sim}15cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.11{\sim}0.18cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $0.45{\sim}2.36cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.39{\sim}0.96cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 15~257 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 0.4~2.2% in OM. After conducting a comparison of physicochemical characteristics of non-damaged forest area and damaged areas, it was found that the physicochemical characteristics of damaged areas were more deteriorated compared to that of non-damaged areas. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to establish countermeasures for the conservation and management of the damaged areas for topsoil recycling in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.15-28
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• 2020

Urbanization and industrialization have caused increasing damage to national lands, and ecological restoration has proceeded without any specific assessment of this damage. The purpose of this study is to select indices to assess damaged areas through literature review and panel discussions, and to derive the importance of damaged area assessment indices by analyzing them through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This study has derived, via literature review, six types of damage and a total of 18 related assessment indices. A total of 51 responses were collected from surveys and given to experts, and an AHP analysis conducted. As a result of the analysis, "Landform change (0.268)" was of the highest importance, with associated damage types as follows: "Soil contamination (0.193)", "Vegetation damaged (0.149)", "Surface soil loss (0.143)", "Change in soil physiochemical property (0.125)", and "Vegetation decline (0.122)". The analysis determined that the item of the highest importance in the overall assessment of damage was "Slope occurred area (0.100)", and that "Conductivity (0.022)" was of the lowest importance. This study can be presented as a criterion in determining the type and degree of damage in setting priorities for future ecological restoration projects.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

The objectives of this study was to obtain the basic information for reasonable management of soil ecosystem damaged by pine wilt disease. Soil temperature and moisture content were $15.3{^{\circ}C}$ and 11.5% at whole-cut site, $14.4{^{\circ}C}$ and 13.5% at partial-cut site, and $13.7{^{\circ}C}$ and 14.8% at control site, respectively. The content of soil organic matter throughout the study period ranged from 2.11 to 2.64% at whole-cut site, 2.26 to 3.33% at partial-cut site, and 2.27 to 3.10% at control. Soil respiration rates showed seasonal fluctuations increasing in summer, which showed positive correlations between soil respiration and soil temperature. Average soil respiration were 0.24, 0.36 and $0.32gCO_{2}/m^{2}/hr$ at whole-cut site, partial-cut site, and control, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values ranged from 2.39 to 2.68 at Pinus densiflora stands damaged by pine wilt disease. Annual soil respiration rate at whole-cut site, partial-cut site and control were 8.1, 15.6 and $14.6tCO_{2}/ha/yr$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.123-134
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• 2022

The use of reinforced soil walls has grown significantly over the last few decades due to their ease construction and economical efficiency. Many damage cases of the reinforced soil walls have been reported as the use of reinforced soil walls increases. Inappropriate design and construction management mainly induce these problems. This paper describes case study on two damaged geogrid reinforced soil walls. The causes of the damage are investigated through the site investigations and proper countermeasures are proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2010

A technology using continuous fiber soil reinforcement system for the creation of ecological restoration in a damaged area has been developed and introduced. The continuous fiber soil reinforcement system (Geofiber system) is an environmentally friendly slope protection technique that continuous fiber soil reinforced layers are constructed with green plantation on cut slope. The characteristics of this system in terms of the strength and hydraulic performance, and the vegetation were investigated in this study. The main objectives of this comparative study was to quantify the potential contribution of geofiber system for the revegetation on the cut slope in a damaged area. A Geofiber system was constructed to reinforce the lower layer of slopes and revegetation methods including wood chips were carried out on the upper layer by machineries. The results of monitoring during 3 years on cut slopes were as follows : 1) All the quadrat existed in the proper range for vegetation. 2) Species richness was 4.4 (site-1) and 18.5 (site-2) respectively. 3) The averaged coverage rates of quadrats was 90%. It is remarkable that the continuous fiber soil reinforcement system would be capable of applying to a damaged area and also would serve maintaining a healthier environment for floras. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation for ecological restoration.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the growth and photosynthetic rate of ten-years old Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida in Banwol industrial region comparing with those of the control site in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province. Surface soil of the damaged site in pH 4.2 was more acidic than control site in pH 4.8, assuming the accelerated soil deterioration by acid deposition. The shoot growth, needle survival rate and net photosynthetic rate of P. koraiensis and P. rigida at the damaged site were lower than at the control site. In addition, the quantum yield and chlorophyll a+b and b contents reduced in damaged treatment. These results suggest that an inhibition of photochemical reaction of P. koraiensis and P. rigida at the damaged site of Banwol industrial region could be attributed to combined influence of atmospheric pollution and soil acidification.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2005

Changes of biochemical and genetic diversity of microbial communities in the soil damaged by a forest fire were analyzed. Soil samples were collected from Gangnung area where a forest fire was broken out in 2000. Two soil samples were from the burnt area, one from the naturally restoring soil (NS) and the other from the artificially restoring soil (AS). A normal, unaffected soil sample (US) was also included as a control. For the biochemical diversity, each sample was directly applied to the BIOLOG system, and the cluster analysis through a statistic process (SPSS) were performed. Genetic diversity was analyzed through DGGE using 16S-rDNA amplified from soil DNA. Among the samples tested, top soils of US and NS, and sub soil of NS revealed more than 70% of the similarity value in biochemical diversity. In case of genetic diversity, however, the similarity value was found to be in the range of 53% to 68% in all samples. This result indicates that the biochemical diversity is not always correlated with the genetic diversity in the analysis of microbial communities.