• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate Na and K balances in healthy adult women. Anthropometric assessments, biochemical analysis of blood, 3-day dietary flood records and collections of 3-day food, 24-hr urine and faces were performed to evaluate intakes and excretions of Na and K in 20 college women living in Seoul. The mean BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 21.08 and 110.25/67.50mmHg, respectively. Mean daily intake of energy was 1578.84kcal, 79% of Korean RDA. Also, daily intakes of Na and K ware 120.86mEq and 44.20mEq. The urinary and fecal excretions of Na were 99.88 and 4.45mEq/day, and those of K were 30.41 and 8.66mEq/day, respectively. The body retention, retention rate, and apparent absorption of Na were 17.11mEq, 13.23%, and 96.31%, and those of K were 5.82mEq, 8.69%, and 80.12%, respectively. The urinary and fecal Na/K ratio were 3.48 and 0.52. There were significantly positive correlations between 1) urinary Na, K excretions and intakes of Na or K, 2) urinary K and BMI, 3) serum K and serum globulin, and 4) urinary Na excretion and serum haptoglobin level, respectively. The results of this study show that Na intake was higher and K intake was lower than those of other advanced nations. Therefore, nutrition education show instruct people to reduce Na intake and to increase K intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.612-620
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• 2008

This study assessed the effects of soy isoflavones supplementation with exercise on urinary mineral (calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc) excretion as an index of bone resorption rates in 67 postmenopausal women. A total subjects were assigned to Isoflavone (90 mg/day) or placebo groups. These groups were further divided into groups that undergone a regular exercise or a rather sedentary state performing daily activity only. We conducted study eight week period. Result showed urinary zinc excretion was more significantly decreased in the isoflavone-sedentary group ($-180.76\;{\pm}\;171.30\;ug/day$) than in the placebo-sedentary group ($-31.23\;{\pm}\;146.60\;ug/day$), placebo-exercise group ($40.93\;{\pm}\;193.44\;ug/day$) and isoflavione-exercise group ($-1.21\;{\pm}\;160.61\;ug/day$) (p < 0.05), but no significant changes in the differences between the values of the pre and post study values in urinary calcium, magnesium and copper excretion. These results suggest that Isoflavone supplementation decrease urinary zinc excretion rate in postmenopausal subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1988

This study was designed to find out the effects of aerobic exercise on lipid and Ca metabolism in seven healthy college women, aged 20 to 22 years. Metabolic studies were conducted before and after a 10-weeks exercise period, during which subjects participated in the planned aerobic dance program every day except Sunday. The initial mean time engaged in the exercise was 28 minutes and it was gradually increased up to 45 minutes around the middle point of the exercise period. During both of metabolic study periods, the subjects ate experimental diets which supplied about 120g of protein and 600mg of Ca daily and during the rest of the experimental period they ate their usual diets. The use of alcoholic beverages and drugs were prohibited. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The effect of exercise on lipid metabolism. (1) Mean body weight decreased significantly after exercise(p<0.01) and it did not show a significant decline in skinfold thickness and total body fat contents. (2) Serum total cholesterol level decreased significantly after exercise(p<0.05) and TG level also tended to be lower than that of pre-exercise period. Exercise did not exert any influence on the level of serum HDL-cholesterol in this study. (3) Exercise did not alter total lipid content in feces and apparent lipid absorption rate. 2) The effect of exercise on Ca and P metabolism. (1) After exercise, focal Ca excretion was slightly reduced, however, urinary Ca excretion was not significantly changed. In the results, a slight increase was shown in body Ca retention after exercise. (2) Exercise tended to increase urinary P excretion, but neither P balance nor fecal excretion was significantly changed after exercise. (3) Bone mineral content was not affected by exercise. In summary, aerobic exercise decreased total cholesterol and TG level in serum and tended to increase body Ca retention. With the results, it can be concluded that the additional physical activities beyond the normal daily life in college women might prevent some degenerative diseases-suchas atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

This study was performed to estimate fille zinc absorption, excretion, and balance of preschool children in Pohang and to evaluate the relationship zinc absorption and related variables. To determine the zinc absorption and excretion, duplicate food samples, pooled faces and urine samples were collected for 3 consecutive days in 21 preschool children. The mean fecal and urine excretions were 7.03mg/day and 0.16mg/day far the boys and 5.87mg/day and 0.15mg/day for the girls. Analyzed daily mean zinc intake was 10.45mg/day for the boys and 7.80mg/day for the girls. The mean ,apparent absorption rate and balance were 29.7% and 3.25mg for the boys and 23.3%, 1.78mg for the girls. Although the mean apparent absorption rate and balance of boys tended to be higher, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. In this study, subjects showed the positive balance except one. Fecal zinc loss reflected dietary zinc (p < 0.01), but urinary zinc loss was unaffected by zinc intake. There was a positive relationship between zinc apparent absorption and zinc balance (p<0.01). These results show that the zinc absorption and balance were favorable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary levels on protein metabolism in eight healthy Korean adult females. The 20-day metabolic study consisted of 2 day adaptation period and three 6-day experimental. Three experimental diets were low protein (LP : protein 44g), high protein(HP : protein 85g) and high animal protein (HAP : protein-84g). The apparent absorption and balance on nitrogen were significantly higher in high protein than in low protein diet. Nitrogen, absorption rate was about 75% for low protein and about 85% for high protein intake. The mean values of nitrogen balance were -1.28% for low protein and 0.78% for high protein diet. All the subjects were in negative nitrogen balance at the low protein intake while they were in positive nitrogen balance at the high protein intake. The mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion increased with increased level of protein intake. Urea nitrogen was the largest part of the urinary nitrogen. The ratio of urea nitrogen to total urinary nitrogen increased significantly for 79 to 85% as protein intake was doubled.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.386-391
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• 2017

Objective: Protein supplementation is costly and can result in excess nitrogen (N) excretion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of dietary protein on average daily gain, body size, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen excretion of 8 to 10 month-old Holstein heifers. Methods: Thirty-six Holstein heifers were divided into 12 blocks according to age ($273{\pm}6.2d$) and were randomly assigned to diets containing a low (10.2% dry matter [DM]), medium (11.9% DM), or high (13.5% DM) level of dietary crude protein (CP). All diets contained approximately 70% roughage and 30% concentrate with similar dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content (2.47 Mcal/kg). Results: Dry matter intake did not differ among the treatments, and average daily gain increased with the increasing dietary protein, 0.79, 0.95, 0.97 kg/d for low, medium, and high group, respectively. Body height increased linearly with increasing dietary CP but no other significant differences in body dimensions were found among the treatments. The increased ratios of dietary CP improved the rate of rear teat length growth remarkably (p<0.05). There was no difference in rumen pH or ruminal major volatile fatty acid (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) concentration among the 3 diets, but rumen ammonia-N concentration increased with the higher dietary CP (p<0.05). Increasing N intake led to increased total N excretion; urinary N excretion was significantly increased (p<0.05) but fecal N excretion was similar among the treatments. Conclusion: These data suggest that the diet containing 11.9% CP (ME 2.47 Mcal/kg) could meet the maintenance and growth requirements of 9 to 11 month-old Holstein heifers gaining approximately 0.9 kg/d.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2000

To evaluate the renal toxicity of the antitumor agent, 1-(N-methyl) piperazinyl-3-phenyl-isoquinoline(CWJ-$\alpha$-5), rats were terated with CWJ-$\alpha$-5 (acute : 100mg/kg, i.p., single and subacute : 10mg/kr, i.p., daily for 7 days). The changes in the body weights, water consumption, kidney weights and urine volume after and during the treatment were observed. The concentrations of urinary creatinine, the activities of N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase ($\gamma$-GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in 24 hr urine were also determined. The body weight and water consumption were decreased after the acute and subacute administration. However, the excretion of urine was not changed except the 1 day after the acute treatment. The excretion of creatinine was significantly decreased from 1 day after acute administration and continuously decreased. Also the excretion of creatinine was decreased during subacute administration. However, the protein excretion did not changed in both treatment. Those indicate that CWJ-$\alpha$-5 might decrease the metabolic rate of muscle. The urinary activities of NAG, AAP, $\gamma$-GT, and LDH were significantly affected by the drug treatment. The urinary activities of NAG, AAP and $\gamma$-GT were significantly increased 1 and 3 days after the acute administration and then returned to the control value. However, the urinary activities of LDH were increased 7 days after acute treatment. During subacute treatment, the urinary activities of $\gamma$-GT were not changed. However, the urinary activities of NAG, AAP and LDH were only significantly increased after the third administration. These results indicate that either the high acute dose or the subacute administration with low dose of the compound might induce a temporal damage in the kidney cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

The Ca and P balance studies were carried out with two different diets varying Ca levels : the current Korean RDA level(normal Ca diet) and the high level (High Ca diet) which was determined by adding 2SD to mean Ca intake of all subjects. The subjects were sever healthy adult woman, aged from 25 to 32 years old. The metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks with a days recess in between : during the fist week with normal Ca diet and during the second week with high Ca diet. The composition of nutrients excepting Ca of both diets was similar to subjects usual intake. The result were summarized as follows: Mean daily Ca intake was 728.8mg from norma Ca diet and 945.5mg from high Ca diet. Fecal excretion of Ca increased significantly(p<0.05) on high Ca diet, but urinary excretion of Ca did not show any differences between the two diet periods. There were also no significant differences in Ca retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater during high Ca diet period: 112.1mg/day during normal Ca diet period vs 208.2mg/day during high Ca diet period. Mean apparent Ca absorption was 41.2% on normal Ca diet and 42.1% on high Ca diet, indicating it was not affected by high Ca intake level used in this study. On the contrary, P retention was significantly increased up to 109.4mg/day with high Ca diet as compared to- 41mg/day with normal Ca diet. There were no significant differences in fecal and urinary excretion of P but those to be lower during high Ca diet period. The above results showed that higher Ca intake more than current RDA(700mg/day), in the level of 945.5mg/day, could increase Ca retention through Ca absorption comparable to the rate appeared on RDA level intake. P retention was also improved by high Ca intake. Therefore, higher Ca intake than the current RDA level seemed to produce favorable effects on bone health in adult women. However, the current RDA level seemed to be relatively appropriate, considering the results that all the subjects but one maintained positive Ca balance with normal Ca diet. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):54-61, 2001)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1975

In order to study the dally metabolism of sodium chloride and of nitrogen, 24-hour urine samples were collected from 1,593 normal Korean females whose ages varied from 2 to 80 years old. The volume, the concentration of chloride and the osmolality of the urine, add the total nitrogen were determined, along with the resting pulse rate and the blood pressure. The daily urine volume was maintained at $1,000{\sim}1,300\;ml/m^2/day$ in all age groups while the chloride concentration and osmolality of the urine samples were approximately 200 mEq/liter and 600 milliosmoles, respectively, in most of age groups. Hence the daily urinary output of sodium chloride was estimated to be approximately $15g/m^2$/day in adult groups. On the other hand, the daily excretion of total nitrogen amouted to approximately $5{\sim}6g/m^2/day$. These findings indicated that the average Korean females live on low-protein and high-salt diets throughout their life. Despite a known correlation between the incidence of hypertension and the high salt intake, none of the subjects employed in this work showed any sign of hypertension.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the guidance necessary for making a selection of error distributions by analyzing influence of statistical distribution for a type of bioassay measurement error on the intake estimation. For this purpose, intakes were estimated using maximum likelihood method for cases that error distributions are normal and lognormal, and comparisons between two distributions for the estimated intakes were made. According to the results of this study, in case that measurement results for lung retention are somewhat greater than the limit of detection it appeared that distribution types have negligible influence on the results. Whereas in case of measurement results for the daily excretion rate, the results obtained from assumption of a lognormal distribution were 10 % higher than those obtained from assumption of a normal distribution. In view of these facts, in case where uncertainty component is governed by counting statistics it is considered that distribution type have no influence on intake estimation. Whereas in case where the others are predominant, it is concluded that it is clearly desirable to estimate the intake assuming a lognormal distribution.