• Title/Summary/Keyword: daily monitoring

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Nutrient Load Balance in Large-Scale Paddy Fields during Rice Cultivation (경지 정리된 광역 논에서 영양물질 수지와 배출 특성)

  • Kim, Min-Kyeong;Roh, Kee-An;Lee, Nam-Jong;Seo, Myung-Chul;Koh, Mun-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.164-171
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    • 2005
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the load of nutrient from paddy fields. Water management practices that can reduce eutrophication and meet water quality requirements will also be addressed. Continuous monitoring from May to September in 2002 and 2003 was conducted for water quantification and qualification at the intensive paddy fields in Icheon, Gyunggi province of Korea. Water balance and concentration variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water were independently compared for water quality assessment at each rice cultivation period. Rice land preparation and transplanting periods usually marked the highest water demand when compared to other periods of cultivation. Overall, a greater net irrigation ratio was observed during the transplanting period in 2002 (92.3%) and 2003 (87.2%). The measured total N loads of precipitation, irrigation, drainage, and percolation during the rice cultivation period were 9.9, 41.6, 22.1, and $5.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ for 2002 and 15.8, 55.4, 17.3, and $7.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ for 2003, respectively. The measured total P loads of precipitation, irrigation, drainage, and percolation during the rice cultivation period were 2.1, 13.0, 3.6, and $1.8kg\;ha^{-1}$ for 2002 and 1.6, 15.0, 5.0, and $1.2kg\;ha^{-1}$ for 2003, respectively. Daily nutrient load followed the pattern of surface drainage water, but this pattern was changed by rainfall events. The nutrient load in drainage water depends on rainfall and surface drainage water amount from the paddy fields. Interestingly, the load of total N and total P output was smaller than the input load due to the natural infiltration that Occurred during the rice cultivation period. It is concluded that the paddy fields have a beneficial effect on the ecosystem and can reduce eutrophication in the water.

EMC and Unit Loads of Pollutants Generated from Tomato Cultivation during Rainfall (강우시 시설재배지역의 오염물질 유출 EMC 및 원단위 산정)

  • Jeon, Je Chan;Kwon, Koo Ho;Lee, Sang Hyeub;Lee, Jea Woon;Gwon, Heun Gag;Min, Kyung Sok
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.555-566
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    • 2013
  • Total maximum daily load enforced in 2004 is a program to evaluate the amount of pollutants by each land use type and manage to meet a target water quality of each waterbody. The many research to calculate runoff load of pollutants by landuse type have been studied. This study was conducted to calculate pollutants EMC, load and unit load in stormwater runoff generated from tomato growing area. Monitoring was conducted about 32 event during 4years and water quality parameters such as BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, TOC, TSS, TN, TP, $NH_3-N$, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$ were analyzed at the laboratory. The average EMC were measured as follows: 9.6 BOD mg/L, 17.2 $COD_{Mn}$ mg/L, 5.5 TOC mg/L, 319.4 TSS mg/L, 4.4 T-N mg/L, 2.6 T-P mg/L, 0.5 $NH_3-N$ mg/L, 0.04 $NO_2-N$ mg/L, 2.6 $NO_3-N$ mg/L, 0.8 $PO_4-P$ mg/L. TN and TP is dichargeed as $NO_3-N$ and particle phosphorus type, respectively.

Analysis of Sensitivity to Prediction of Particulate Matters and Related Meteorological Fields Using the WRF-Chem Model during Asian Dust Episode Days (황사 발생 기간 동안 WRF-Chem 모델을 이용한 미세먼지 예측과 관련 기상장에 대한 민감도 분석)

  • Moon, Yun Seob;Koo, Youn Seo;Jung, Ok Jin
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of meteorological fields and the variation of concentration of particulate matters (PMs) due to aerosol schemes and dust options within the WRF-Chem model to estimate Asian dusts affected on 29 May 2008 in the Korean peninsula. The anthropogenic emissions within the model were adopted by the $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}$ RETRO of the global emissions, and the photolysis option was by Fast-J photolysis. Also, three scenarios such as the RADM2 chemical mechanism and MADE/SORGAM aerosol, the MOSAIC 8 section aerosol, and the GOCART dust erosion were simulated for calculating Asian dust emissions. As a result, the scenario of the RADM2 chemical mechanism & MADE/SORGAM aerosol depicted higher concentration than the others' in both Asian dusts and the background concentration of PMs. By comparing of the daily mean of PM10 measured at each air quality monitoring site in Seoul with the scenario results, the correlation coefficient was 0.67, and the root mean square error was $44{\mu}gm^{-3}$. In addition, the air temperature, the wind speed, the planetary boundary layer height, and the outgoing long-wave radiation were simulated under conditions of no chemical option with these three scenarios within the WRF or WRF-Chem model. Both the spatial distributions of the PBL height and the wind speed of u component among the meteorological factors were similar to those of the Asia dusts in range of 1,800-3,000 m and $2-16ms^{-1}$, respectively. And, it was shown that both scenarios of the RADM2 chemical mechanism and MADE/SORGAM aerosol and the GOCART dust erosion were interacted on-line between meteorological factors and Asian dusts or aerosols within the model because the outgoing long-wave radiation was changed to lower than the others.

Comparison of Multi-Satellite Sea Surface Temperatures and In-situ Temperatures from Ieodo Ocean Research Station (이어도 해양과학기지 관측 수온과 위성 해수면온도 합성장 자료와의 비교)

  • Woo, Hye-Jin;Park, Kyung-Ae;Choi, Do-Young;Byun, Do-Seung;Jeong, Kwang-Yeong;Lee, Eun-Il
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.40 no.6
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    • pp.613-623
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    • 2019
  • Over the past decades, daily sea surface temperature (SST) composite data have been produced using periodically and extensively observed satellite SST data, and have been used for a variety of purposes, including climate change monitoring and oceanic and atmospheric forecasting. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy and analyzed the error characteristic of the SST composite data in the sea around the Korean Peninsula for optimal utilization in the regional seas. We evaluated the four types of multi-satellite SST composite data including OSTIA (Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis), OISST (Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature), CMC (Canadian Meteorological Centre) SST, and MURSST (Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) collected from January 2016 to December 2016 by using in-situ temperature data measured from the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS). Each SST composite data showed biases of the minimum of 0.12℃ (OISST) and the maximum of 0.55℃ (MURSST) and root mean square errors (RMSE) of the minimum of 0.77℃ (CMC SST) and the maximum of 0.96℃ (MURSST) for the in-situ temperature measurements from the IORS. Inter-comparison between the SST composite fields exhibited biases of -0.38-0.38℃ and RMSE of 0.55-0.82℃. The OSTIA and CMC SST data showed the smallest error while the OISST and MURSST data showed the most obvious error. The results of comparing time series by extracting the SST data at the closest point to the IORS showed that there was an apparent seasonal variation not only in the in-situ temperature from the IORS but also in all the SST composite data. In spring, however, SST composite data tended to be overestimated compared to the in-situ temperature observed from the IORS.

The Variations of Stratospheric Ozone over the Korean Peninsula 1985~2009 (한반도 상공의 오존층 변화 1985~2009)

  • Park, Sang Seo;Kim, Jhoon;Cho, Nayeong;Lee, Yun Gon;Cho, Hi Ku
    • Atmosphere
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.349-359
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    • 2011
  • The climatology in stratospheric ozone over the Korean Peninsula, presented in previous studies (e.g., Cho et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2005), is updated by using daily and monthly data from satellite and ground-based data through December 2009. In addition, long-term satellite data [Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), 1979~2009] have been also analyzed in order to deduce the spatial distributions and temporal variations of the global total ozone. The global average of total ozone (1979~2009) is 298 DU which shows a minimum of about 244 DU in equatorial latitudes and increases poleward in both hemispheres to a maximum of about 391 DU in Okhotsk region. The recent period, from 2006 to 2009, shows reduction in total ozone by 6% relative to the values for the pre-1980s (1979~1982). The long-term trends were estimated by using a multiple linear regression model (e.g., WMO, 1999; Cho et al., 2003) including explanatory variables for the seasonal variation, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and solar cycle over three different time intervals: a whole interval from 1979 to 2009, the former interval from 1979 to 1992, and the later interval from 1993 to 2009 with a turnaround point of deep minimum in 1993 is related to the effect of Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The global trend shows -0.93% $decade^{-1}$ for the whole interval, whereas the former and the later interval trends amount to -2.59% $decade^{-1}$ and +0.95% $decade^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, the long-term total ozone variations indicate that there are positive trends showing a recovery sign of the ozone layer in both North/South hemispheres since around 1993. Annual mean total ozone (1985~2009) is distributed from 298 DU for Jeju ($33.52^{\circ}N$) to 352 DU for Unggi ($42.32^{\circ}N$) in almost zonally symmetric pattern over the Korean Peninsula, with the latitudinal gradient of 6 DU $degree^{-1}$. It is apparent that seasonal variability of total ozone increases from Jeju toward Unggi. The annual mean total ozone for Seoul shows 323 DU, with the maximum of 359 DU in March and the minimum of 291 DU in October. It is found that the day to day variability in total ozone exhibits annual mean of 5.7% in increase and -5.2% in decrease. The variability as large as 38.4% in increase and 30.3% in decrease has been observed, respectively. The long-term trend analysis (e.g., WMO, 1999) of monthly total ozone data (1985~2009) merged by satellite and ground-based measurements over the Korean Peninsula shows increase of 1.27% $decade^{-1}$ to 0.80% $decade^{-1}$ from Jeju to Unggi, respectively, showing systematic decrease of the trend magnitude with latitude. This study also presents a new analysis of ozone density and trends in the vertical distribution of ozone for Seoul with data up to the end of 2009. The mean vertical distributions of ozone show that the maximum value of the ozone density is 16.5 DU $km^{-1}$ in the middle stratospheric layer between 24 km and 28 km. About 90.0% and 71.5% of total ozone are found in the troposphere and in the stratosphere between 15 and 33 km, respectively. The trend analysis reconfirms the previous results of significant positive ozone trend, of up to 5% $decade^{-1}$, in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere (0~24 km), with negative trend, of up to -5% $decade^{-1}$, in the stratosphere (24~38 km). In addition, the Umkehr data show a positive trend of about 3% $decade^{-1}$ in the upper stratosphere (38~48 km).

National Management Measures for Reducing Air Pollutant Emissions from Vessels Focusing on KCG Services (선박 대기오염물질 배출 현황 및 저감을 위한 국가 관리 대책 연구: 해양경찰 업무를 중심으로)

  • Lee, Seung-Hwan;Kang, Byoung-Yong;Jeong, Bong-Hun;Gu, Ja-Yeong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.163-174
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    • 2020
  • Particulate matter levels are rapidly increasing daily, and this can affect human health. Therefore, air pollutant emissions from sea vessels require management. This study evaluates the status of air pollutants, focusing on air pollutant emissions from the vessels of the Korea Coast Guard (KCG), and proposes national management measures to reduce emissions. According to a report recently released (2018) by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), emissions from vessels constituted 6.4 % of the total domestic emissions, including 13.1 % NOx, 10.9 % SOx, and 9.6 % particulate matter (PM10/PM2.5). Among the rates of pollutant emission from vessels, the emission rates of domestic and overseas cargo vessels were the highest (50.6 %); the ratio of fishing boats was 42.6 %. With respect to jurisdictional sea area, 44.1 % of the emissions are from the south sea, including the Busan and Ulsan ports, and 24.8 % of the emissions are from the west sea, including the Gwangyang and Yeosu ports. The KCG inspects boarding lines to manage emission conditions and regulate air pollutant emissions, but it takes time and effort to operate various discharge devices and measure fuel oil standards. In addition, owing to busy ship schedules, inspection documents are limited in terms of management. Therefore, to reduce the air pollutant emissions of such vessels, regulations will be strengthened to check for air pollutants, and a monitoring system based on actual field data using KCG patrol ships will be established, for each sea area, to manage the emissions of such vessels. Furthermore, there is a need for technological development and institutional support for the introduction of environmentally friendly vessels.

Anticoagulation Management after Mitral Valve Replacement with the St. Jude Medical Prosthesis (승모판치환 환자의 항응혈제 치료)

  • 김종환;김영태
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.12
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    • pp.1172-1182
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    • 1998
  • Background: Primary goal of anticoagulation treatment in patients with mechanical heart valve is the effective prevention of thromboembolism and safe avoidance of bleeding as well. Material and Method: Two-hundred and nine patients with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis operated on between 1984 and 1995, for mitral(MVR 122), aortic(AVR 39) and double mitral and aortic valve replacement(DVR 48) respectively, were studied on the practically achieved levels of anticoagulation and the clinical outcomes. Patients were on Coumadin and followed up by monthly visit to outpatient clinic for examination and prothrombin time measurement to adjust the International Normalized Ratios(INRs) within the low-intensity target range between 1.5 and 2.5. Result: A total anticoagulation follow-up period was 1082.0 patient- years(mean 62.1 months) and INRs of 10,205 measurements were available for evaluation. The accomplished INRs among the replacement groups were not significantly different and only 65% of INRs were within the target range. And, in individual patients, only 37% of patients had INRs included within the target range in more than 70% of tests during follow-up period. The levels of INRs in patients with atrial fibrillation, which was found in 57% of patients, were definitely higher than the ones measured in patients with regular rhythm(p<0.001). Thromboembolisms were experienced by 15 patients with the incidence of 1.265%/patient- year(MVR 1.412%, AVR 0.462% and DVR 1.531%/patient-year) and major bleeding by 4 patients with the incidence of 0.337%/patient-year(MVR 0.424%, AVR none and DVR 0.383%/patient-year). Frequent as well as prolonged missing of prothrombin time tests was the main risk factor strongly associated with the thromboembolic complications(odds ratio 1.99). The proportion of INRs within target range of less than 60% in individual patient was the highly significant risk factor of both thromboembolic and overall embolic and bleeding complications(p<0.004 and p<0.002 respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, the low-intensity therapeutic target range of INRs was adequate in patients with AVR and in sinus rhythm. However, the patients with replacement of the mitral valve were more likely to require higher target range of INRs, especially in the presence of atrial fibrillation, to achieve the practical levels of anticoagulation enough to prevent thromboembolic complications effectively. For the higher therapeutic target range of INRs between 2.0∼3.0, further accumulation of clinical evidences are required. It is highly desirable to improve the patients' compliance under continuous instructions in visiting outpatient clinic and in taking daily Coumadin without omission and to keep INRs consistently within optimal range with tight control for minimization of chances and of periods of exposure to the risk of complications. And, particularly, patients with high risk of complications and with wide fluctuation of INRs should be better managed with frequent monitoring anticoagulation levels.

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Rapid Analysis of Nitrate Concentration in Different Growth Stages and Plant Parts of Paprika Leaf Using On-site Rapid Detection Kit (신속분석기기를 이용한 파프리카 생육단계 및 부위별 엽내 질산태질소 농도 신속분석)

  • Lee, Min Ji;Rhee, Han Cheol;Choi, Gyeong Lee;Oh, Sang Seok;Lee, Jae Taek;Lee, Jun Gu
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.333-339
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    • 2017
  • This research was aimed to establish rapid analysis technique for the determination of nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) concentration in the leaves of paprika, which has key role for the stable vegetative and reproductive growth. Leaf petiole and blade sap of two paprika cultivars ('Raon red' and 'Raon yellow') were used for the determination of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration, separately using rapid detection kit (RQ-flex) and spectroscopy quantification methods. In addition, two paprika cultivars namely, 'Nicole' and 'TP2001' were used to determine the status of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf of each fruiting group. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf blade sap and the content in leaf showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.8628$), analysed by RQ-flex and spectroscopy methods, respectively. Furthermore, leaf petiole sap and the content in leaf also showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.6734$) but the relationship was poor compared to leaf blade sap and the leaf content. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in petiole sap decreased in all the cultivars from early to late fruiting group. The higher concentration in the lower leaves and the continuous decrease towards the upper leaves in the both years were found through the analysis of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in different leaf position. In addition, daily short-term fluctuation of $NO_3{^-}$ in petiole sap could be rapidly monitored. These results showed that long-term or short-term monitoring by test strip-based rapid analysis technique might be useful tool for the diagnosis of nutritional status for the stable of nutritional management in paprika.

Estimation of Groundwater Recharge by Considering Runoff Process and Groundwater Level Variation in Watershed (유역 유출과정과 지하수위 변동을 고려한 분포형 지하수 함양량 산정방안)

  • Chung, Il-Moon;Kim, Nam-Won;Lee, Jeong-Woo
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.12 no.5
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    • pp.19-32
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    • 2007
  • In Korea, there have been various methods of estimating groundwater recharge which generally can be subdivided into three types: baseflow separation method by means of groundwater recession curve, water budget analysis based on lumped conceptual model in watershed, and water table fluctuation method (WTF) by using the data from groundwater monitoring wells. However, groundwater recharge rate shows the spatial-temporal variability due to climatic condition, land use and hydrogeological heterogeneity, so these methods have various limits to deal with these characteristics. To overcome these limitations, we present a new method of estimating recharge based on water balance components from the SWAT-MODFLOW which is an integrated surface-ground water model. Groundwater levels in the interest area close to the stream have dynamics similar to stream flow, whereas levels further upslope respond to precipitation with a delay. As these behaviours are related to the physical process of recharge, it is needed to account for the time delay in aquifer recharge once the water exits the soil profile to represent these features. In SWAT, a single linear reservoir storage module with an exponential decay weighting function is used to compute the recharge from soil to aquifer on a given day. However, this module has some limitations expressing recharge variation when the delay time is too long and transient recharge trend does not match to the groundwater table time series, the multi-reservoir storage routing module which represents more realistic time delay through vadose zone is newly suggested in this study. In this module, the parameter related to the delay time should be optimized by checking the correlation between simulated recharge and observed groundwater levels. The final step of this procedure is to compare simulated groundwater table with observed one as well as to compare simulated watershed runoff with observed one. This method is applied to Mihocheon watershed in Korea for the purpose of testing the procedure of proper estimation of spatio-temporal groundwater recharge distribution. As the newly suggested method of estimating recharge has the advantages of effectiveness of watershed model as well as the accuracy of WTF method, the estimated daily recharge rate would be an advanced quantity reflecting the heterogeneity of hydrogeology, climatic condition, land use as well as physical behaviour of water in soil layers and aquifers.

Guideline for Imaging Dose on Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (영상유도방사선치료에 있어 영상선량 가이드라인)

  • Cho, Byung Chul;Huh, Hyun Do;Kim, Jin Sung;Choi, Jin Ho;Kim, Seong Hoon;Cho, Kwang Hwan;Cho, Sam Ju;Min, Chul Kee;Shin, Dong Oh;Lee, Sang Hoon;Park, Dong Wook;Kim, Kum Bae;Choi, Sang Hyoun;Kim, Hye Young;Ahn, Woo-Sang;Kim, Tae Hyeong;Han, Su Cheol
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-24
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    • 2013
  • As image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has been commonly used for more accurate patient setup and monitoring tumor movement during radiation therapy, the necessity for management of imaging dose is increased. However, it has not been an interest issue to radiation therapy communities because the imaging dose is much lower than the therapeutic dose. However, since the cumulative dose from 4DCT and repeated imaging for daily setup verificationin would not be ignorable, appropriate dose management based on ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle is required. In this study, we aimed that (1) survey on imaging equipments and modalities used for IGRT, (2) estimation of IGRT imaging dose depending on treatment types and equipments, (3) collecting data of effective dose on treatment sites from each equipment and imaging protocol, and thus finally provide guideline for imaging dose reduction and optimization.