• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness and to figure out the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among male and female college students. Measurements of height, weight , skinfold thickness, percent body fat, lean body mass were made, 새심 daily energy expenditure and dietary intake survey were performed on 164 (male 86, female 78) college students. The survey was conducted between October 10, 1993-November 20, 1993. The results are as follows : 1) The average height and wegiht of the surveyed men and women were respectively 172.$\pm$0.6cm, 62.2$\pm$0.8kg and 160.8$\pm$ 0.5cm, 51.5$\pm$0.6kg, BMI of those surveyed were 20.9$\pm$0.2 and 19.9$\pm$0.2 and body density of those surveyed were 1.06$\pm$0.0 and 1.05$\pm$0.0 , and the percentage of body fat of those surveyed were 17.3$\pm$0.5% and 23.2$\pm$0.4% , and IBM of those surveyed were 51.2$\pm$0.6kg and 39.5$\pm$0.4kg. 2) Mean skin-fold thickness at 4 sites of the surveyed men and women were respectively 11.6$\pm$0.5mm and 18.3$\pm$0.6mm. 3) Average calorie intake of male and female were 2121$\pm$54kcal , 1906$\pm$28kcal respectively 70.5:14.2:15.3 and 68.0:14.0:18.0. 5) Activity time record of subjects reveal that there was a trend for males to spend more time in moderate and high activity and less time in light activity compared to females. Total daily energy expenditure of male and female group were respectively 2784$\pm$51kcal and 2073$\pm$32kcal. 6) The skinfold thickness showed negative correlation with body density but it showed positive correlation with the percentage of body fat. The lean body mass showed positive correlation with physical activity and energy intake showed positive correlation with physical activity also.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the interrelationship between fasting serum insulin, eating behaviour, daily energy intake and the fatness in obese and non-obese women. The possibility of fasting serum insulin as potential predictive factor for eating behaviour and daily energy intake was also investigated. The results are as follows: 1) In obese women ; Subjects with higher fasting serum insulin were associated with higher speed of eating and shorter meal duration time. No association could be found between daily energy intake or the degree of obesity and fasting serum insulin. There was a significant positive correlation between obesity, daily energy intake and speed of eating. Obesity, daily energy intake were negatively related to meal duration time. Subjects with a rapid speed of eating were apt to overeat during eating behaviour experiment. Our findings suggested that a rapid speed of eating is a contributing factor to the development of obesity in obese women. 2) In non-obese women ; While subjects with higher insulin level were apt to overeat, we could not find any relation between overeating and daily energy intake. There was no correlation between eating speed and daily energy intake, but a significant positive correlation was found between meal duration time and daily energy intake. The degree of fatness was increased with the lower daily energy expenditure per body weight, or the higher waist hip girth ratio, fasting serum insulin and daily energy intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2000

The bone mineral density(vertebrae Ll-4, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter) of 160 healthy adult women aged 29-45 was measured and general characteristics, anthropomentric measurements, and dietary intake were also studied to determine the main factors affecting the bone mineral density(BMD) of adult women. The nutrient intake of the subjects was adequate to RDA level except energy, Ca, Fe, and vit A. The BMD of vertebrae L24 showed significant positive association with nutrient intake such as animal protein, P, Ca(animal) and Fe(animal). The BMD of the femoral neck correlated significantly with anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat and body mass index. The BMD of both sites(vertebrae L24 and femoral neck) were significantly related to vertebrae L24 was daily Ca intake and that of femoral neck was daily energy expenditure. In conclusion, adequate nutrient intake, especially protein, P, Ca and Fe as well as increases in physical activity were suggested to prevent the loss of bone mineral density in adult women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.521-527
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• 1997

This study was aimed to investigate the nutriational status of Korean female college students who are attending school at a longdistance. Physique calssification by anthropomethic indexes, Body mass index(BMI) & Brocas' index and the body fat distrubition were investigated. The energy balance was also examined comparing caloric intake with caloric expenditure. The result of this study are followings; (1) Average height and weight were 158±17.8 cm, 51.7±7.8 kg. This results were not quite different from '84 Korean Adult Standard of 159.5cm, 52.5kg. (2) By Broca's index, 25.89% of subjects was underweight 67.0% was normal weight and 7.06 was overweight. By BMI, 40% of subjects was underweight, 58.8% was normal weight and 1.2% was overweight. (3) According to % fat measured. By BIA, 7% in subjects was underweight, 64.2% was normal weight, 22% was overweight and 6.1% was obesity. This result differed from BMI's result. It may be measurement error due to the difficulty of removing metal sticking to underwear and tooth correction. (4) The intakes of the nutrients except protein, P, vitamin B₁ complexes, were lower than the intakes indicated by Korean Recommended Allowances. 95) Average caloric intake a day was 1545±394.4 kcal, which was much lower than the RDA. The caloric expenditure was much more than caloric intake, which showed negative energy balance in the subjects of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.641-662
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• 1974

The purpose of this study is to present the basic rule on the planning standard menu for the improvement of nutritional school lunch program through analysis of their food habits and daily energy expenditure. 1. The purpose of the school lunch program is to get on adequate diet in quality and quantity through right food habits and nutrition education for the most active growing children. 2. At present time in Korea, school lunch program has not been carried out nutritionaly so that it should be improved immediately. 3. The ratio of the daily diet should be given to the students breakfast 1. lunch 1.1, dinner 1.5, through analysis of their daily energy expenditure by their activity. 4. The result of the analysis of for food habits shows that children like foods which were used at home commonly and dislike foods not commonly used. 5. The basic rule on the planning school lunch menu is presented as follows. 1) The ratio of the aily diet should be given as breakfast 1, lunch 1.1. dinner 1.5, for calories, and minerals and vitamins should be given 1/3 to 2/5 of a daily requirements. 2) It should be selected foods which most children like foods when plan menu for school lunch. 3) Green, yellow vegetables should be given over 50 gm. 4) Milk should be given 180cc.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

Objectives: We tried to confirm physical activity of 1,000 Kcal per week was a meaningful point in controlling coronary artery disease risks in female older adults. Methods: Participants were 66 female older adults recruited from senior welfare center. Participants were provided with accelerometer (e-step, Kenz, Japan) for measuring daily energy expenditure. Graded exercise test was done for measuring aerobic fitness. Blood glucose and lipid were analyzed. Framingham risk score was calculated based on blood glucose, blood lipid, and smoking. These variables were compared between the group expended more than 1,000 Kcal/week and the group with energy expenditure below 1,000 Kcal/week. Results: The group expended over 1,000kcal/week showed to be superior to the counterpart group in following variables; AC(Abdominal Circumference), %BF, $HR_{rest}$(resting heart rate), $VO_{2peak}$, FBG, LDL-C, TG, BDI-II, QOL, AR(Absolute Risk), RR(Relative Risk). Conclusions: The group expended over 1,000 Kcal/week was likely to have less probability in CAD than group expended less than 1,000 Kcal/week. The result of this study suggests the important role of active daily life that can be replaced with that of regular exercise especially for those who are not available to do structured exercise.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2012

Weight-controlling can be supported by a proper prescription of energy intake. The individual energy requirement is usually determined through resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity. Because REE contributes to 60-70% of daily energy expenditure, the assessment of REE is very important. REE is often predicted using various equations, which are usually based on the body weight, height, age, gender, and so on. The aim of this study is to validate the published predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in 76 normal weight and 52 obese Korean children and adolescents in the 7-18 years old age group. The open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system was used to measure REE. Sixteen REE predictive equations were included, which were based on weight and/or height of children and adolescents, or which were commonly used in clinical settings despite its use based on adults. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on bias, RMSPE, and percentage of accurate prediction. The means of age and height were not significantly different among the groups. Weight and BMI were significantly higher in obese group (64.0 kg, $25.9kg/m^2$) than in the non-obese group (44.8 kg, $19.0kg/m^2$). For the obese group, the Molnar, Mifflin, Liu, and Harris-Benedict equations provided the accurate predictions of > 70% (87%, 79% 77%, and 73%, respectively). On the other hand, for non-obese group, only the Molnar equation had a high level of accuracy (bias of 0.6%, RMSPE of 90.4 kcal/d, and accurate prediction of 72%). The accurate prediction of the Schofield (W/WH), WHO (W/WH), and Henry (W/WH) equations was less than 60% for all groups. Our results showed that the Molnar equation appears to be the most accurate and precise for both the non-obese and the obese groups. This equation might be useful for clinical professionals when calculating energy needs in Korean children and adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.531-538
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• 1993

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 16 primary school age boys and girls, 8 to 12 year age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy (BE) content (intake / balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and eating behavior. Gross energy intake (GE) and fecal energy (FE) loss was measured by bomb calorimetry. Urinary energy (UE) loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass (FM) was determined from body density estimated from skinfold thickness. Mean constitutional ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat for the total energy intake was 10.1 $\pm$1.8%, 12.2$\pm$0.1% and 17.1$\pm$2.0% for the boys and 74.0$\pm$1.7%, 10.7$\pm$0.3% and 15.3$\pm$0.5% for the girls, respectively. Fecal energy loss was 5.1% and 4.5% proportion of the gross energy intake for the boys and girls, respectively. Mean daily metabolizable energy estimated by subtract feral and urinary energy loss was 1862$\pm$15kcal for the boys and 1627$\pm$20kcal for the girls. Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 28 days was increased 1524$\pm$539kcal for the boys and 3622$\pm$718kcal for the girls. Mean daily energy expenditure was 1812$\pm$37kcal(52 $\pm$2kcal/kg of body weight) for the boys and 1487$\pm$25kca1 (52$\pm$2kcal/kg of body weight) for the girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 7 high school age men, 16 to 18 year of age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy (BE) content (intake/balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and maintenance body weight. Gross energy intake (GE) and fecal energy (FE) loss was measured by bomb calorimetry, Urinary energy (UE) loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass (FM) was determined from body density estimated from skinfold thickness. 1) Mean constitutional ratio of carbohydrate, protein and Int for the total energy intake was $73.7{\pm}0.3%$, $13.5{\pm}0.3%$ and $12.9{\pm}0.5%$, respectively. 2) Fecal energy loss was 2.4% proportion of the gross energy intake. 3) Mean daily metabolizable energy estimated by subtract fecal and urinary energy loss was $2582{\pm}61\;kcal$. 4) Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 28 days was decreased $4309{\pm}1837kcal$. 5) Mean daily energy expenditure was $2736{\pm}59kcal\;(46{\pm}1kcal/kg$ of body weight).