• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.467-486
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• 1993

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family momber may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well-being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and included : Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup-port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom checklist(48 item S point scale), and Well -being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well - being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well-being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3.55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was (or not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for “worry about all the things that have to be done.” Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.40 out of five patient care activities including bathing (77.4%), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1％), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1％), cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed-ding(75.5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31 (58.5％) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13, and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis-faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life. but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and bur-den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving\ulcorner Does the correlation between the bur-den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers\ulcorner Quality of life was the one variable that was significant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to ap-proach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6627-6632
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• 2015

Background: We conducted a study exploring the clinical safety and efficacy of decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), combined with a complex karyotype. Materials and Methods: From April 2009 to September 2013, a total of 35 patients with AML/MDS combined with a complex karyotype diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included for retrospective analysis. All patients were treated with decitabine alone ($20mg/m^2$ daily for 5 days) or combination AAG chemotherapy (Acla 20mg qod*4d, Ara-C $10mg/m^2$ q12h*7d, G-CSF $300{\mu}g$ qd, the dose of G-CSF adjusted to the amount in blood routinely). Results: In 35 patients, 15 exhibited a complete response (CR), and 6 a partial response (PR), the overall response rate (CR+PR) being 60% (21 of 35). Median disease-free survival was 18 months and overall survival was 14 months. In the 15 MDS patients with a complex karyotype, the CR rate was 53.3% (8 of 15); in 20 AML patients with complex karyotype, the overall response rate was 65% (13 of 20). The response rate of decitabine alone (22 cases) was 56.5% (13 of 22), while in the combination chemotherapy group (13 cases), the effective rate was 61.5% (8 of 13)(P>0.05). There are 15 patients with chromosome 7 aberration, after treatment with decitabine, 7 CR, 3 PR, overall response rate was 66.7% (10 of 15). Of 18 patients with 3 to 5 kinds of chromosomal abnormalities, 66.7% demonstrated a response; of 17 with more than 5 chromosomal abnormalities, 52.9% had a response. In the total of 35 patients, with one course (23 patients) and ${\geq}$two courses (12 patients), the overall response rate was 40.9% and 92.3% (P<0.05). Grade III to IV hematological toxicity was observed in 27 cases (75%). Grade III to IV infections were clinically documented in 7 (20%). Grades I to II non-hematological toxicity were infections (18 patients), haematuria (2 patients), and bleeding (3 patients). With follow-up until September 2013, 7 patients were surviving, 18 had died and 10 were lost to follow-up. In the 6 cases who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) all were still relapse-free survivors. Conclusions: Decitabine alone or combination with AAG can improve outcome of AML/MDS with a complex karyotype, there being no significant difference decitabine in inducing remission rates in patients with different karyotype. Increasing the number of courses can improve efficiency. This approach with fewer treatment side effects in patients with a better tolerance should be employed in order to create an improved subsequent chance for HSCT.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권4호통권109호
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• pp.411-422
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• 2004

횡성호에서는 수중폭기 기간에도 수온약층이 형성되었으며, 수중폭기로 인한 영향이 크지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 모든 정점의 표충(0-5m)평균 탁도는 0.1-8.5NTU로 우기 이후에 중층 및 심층에서 높았다. 투명도는 0.9-3.5m의 범위로 댐 하류(St. 1)정점에서 크게 나타났으며, 상류로 갈수록 낮았다. 용존산소는 2000년 7월과 8월에 전 지점의 0m에서 $8.4-14.1\;mgO_2\;{\cdot}\;L^{-1}$로 높았으나 심층에서는 고갈 상태를 보였다. 또한 2001년 7월과 9월에도 정점 1의 심층에서 $1\;mgO_2\;{\cdot}\;L^{-1}$ 내외로 매우 낮았다. 전 정점의 표층 (0-5 m)평균 총인 농도는 5-46 mgP ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$로 초봄의 turnover 직후 및 우기이후에 높았으며 용존 무기인 농도는 0.2-13.2 mgP ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$로 2001년 9월을 제외하고는 대부분10mgp ${\cdot}$ $m^3$이하 이였다. 횡성호의 연간 인부하량은 약 4.45ton 정도로 유역내에서 발생되는 총인 발생량 71.34ton중 약 6.2%만이 호수내로 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 수면적당 인부하량은0.77 gp ${\cdot}\;m^2\;{\cdot}\;yr^{-1}$으로 횡성호의 환경용량이라 할 수 있는 과잉임계부하량 0.72 gp ${\cdot}\;m^2\;.\;yr^{-1}$을 0.05 gP ${\cdot}\;m^2\;.\;yr^{-1}$ 초과한 수준이다. 전 정점 표층 (0-5 m)평균 총질소 농도는 0.83-3.55 mgN ${\cdot}\;L^{-1}$로 우기 이후에 중충 이하 지역에서 높았다. 질산성 질소는 전 정점의 표층(0-5m)평균이 0.09-3.33 mgN ${\cdot}\;L^{-1}$로 2001년 6월에 가장 낮았다. 암모니아성 질소는 전 정점의 표층(0-5m)평균이 0.04-0.23 mgN ${\cdot}\;L^{-1}$이였다. 전 정점 표층 (0-5 m)평균 규소농도는 0.5-9.6 mgSi ${\cdot}\;L^{-1}$로 봄철에 낮았으며, 우기이후에 다시 증가하였다. 평균 TSI는 2000년과 2001년에 각각 59와 57이었다. 전 정점 표층 (0-5 m)평균 엽록소 a농도는 0.3-32.4 mg ${\cdot}\;m^{-3}$로 여름철에 높은 경향을 보였으며, 정점별로는 상류지역에서 높았다. 식물플랑크톤은 2000년 7월에 녹조류인 Scenedesmus sp.가 10,480 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$,8월과 9월에는 남조류인 Microcystis sp.가 각각 3,492와 296 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$로 우점하였다. 10월에는 녹조류인 Coelastrum microporum이 133 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$, 11월에는 규조류인 Asterionella formosa가 2,654 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$, 12월에는 규조류인 .Aulacoseira granulata가 29 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$우점종이였다. 특히 2000년 여름철에 우점종이였던 남조류가 2001년에는 출현하지 않았으며 종 다양성 (diversity)지수는 2000년 7월에 2.22로 가장 높았으며, 생물량도 조사기간중 36,640 cells ${\cdot}\;mL^{-1}$로 가장 많았다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.4323-4337
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• 1977

The study was to estimate the effect of the rise of water temperature in the warm water pool and to make contribution to the establishment of reducing to a damage of cool water as well as to the planning for warm water pool. This observation was performed in Wudu warm water pool located at Wudu-Dong of Chuncheon for two years from 1975 to 1976. The results were showed as follows; 1. The daily variation of water temperature was the least for inset (No.1; 0.6$^{\circ}C$) the second for middle overflow (No2: 3$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 2.3$^{\circ}C$) and another for outflet (No.4; 3.6$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 3.8$^{\circ}C$) And the highest reaching time of water temperature in each block was later about 1 hour than the time at which air temperature happend in the daytime. So, the variation of water temperature was sensitive to the variation of air temperature 2. The monthly variation of water temperature at each measuring point was plotted to be increased with increase in air temperature till August (Mean monthly rising degree; No.1; 1.15$^{\circ}C$, No.2; 1.7$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 1.73$^{\circ}C$, No.4; 2.08$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 2.0$^{\circ}C$), and expressed gradually descended influence upon water temperature after August. 3. The mean temperature of inflow folwed in warm Water pool was 7.5∼12.5$^{\circ}C$, and outflow temperature was described as 13.4∼22.5$^{\circ}C$ to be climbed. And So, the rising interval of water temperature was shown as 6.7∼10.4$^{\circ}C$. 4. The correlation between the rising of water temperature and the weather condition was found out highly significant. As the result, their correlation coefficents of water temperature depending on mean air temperature, ground temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity were to be 0.93, 0.90, - 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. But there was no confrimation of the correlation on the clouds, sunlight time, volume of evaporation, and heat capacity of horizontal place. 5. The water temperature of balance during the period of rice growing in Chuncheon district was shown as table 10, and the mean of whole period was calculated as about 23.7$^{\circ}C$. 6. The observed value of the outflow temperature passed through the warm water pool was higher than that of computed, the mean difference between two value was marked as 1.15$^{\circ}C$ for blockl, 1.18$^{\circ}C$ for block2, and 0.47$^{\circ}C$ for block3, respectivly. Therefore, the ratio on the rising degree between the observed and computed were shown as 53%, 44%, and 18%, mean 38% through each block warm water pool (referring item $\circled9$ of table 11,12, and 13). Accordingly, formula (4) in order to fit for each block warm water pool was transfromed as follow; {{{{ { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0} =[1-exp LEFT { { 1-(1+2 varphi )} over {cp } CDOT { A} over { q} RIGHT } ] TIMES ( { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0}) TIMES C }}}} Here, correction coefficinent was computed 1.38, and being substituted 1.38 for C in preceding formula, the expected water temperature will be calculated to be able to irrigate the rice paddy. As the result, we can apply the coefficient in order to plan and to construct a new warm water pool.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.13-29
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• 1998

최근, 오염된 토양에 의한 유해영향들이 보고되면서 보건관리차원에서 토양복원에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 영남지역에 위치하고 있는 5곳의 폐광산지역(다락광산, 다덕광산, 진곡광산, 달성광산, 일광광산)을 대상으로 광산입구와 주변지역의 토양중 비소오염도를 조사하였고, 위해성평가 방법론을 활용하여 오염된 토양에 의한 인체노출경로를 확인하고, 장기적인 노출시 만성일일노출량과 초과발암위해도를 계산하므로, 지역의 미래토지이용도를 고려한 복원목표를 설정하였다. 비소는 인체발암물질(Human Carcinogen, IRIS 1997)로 구분되는 유독물질로서 경구노출에 의해 피부암 유병율이 통계학적으로 유의하게 높은 것으로 알려지고 있다. 토양중 비소는 구강을 통한 직접섭취, 피부흡수, 토양비소가 식물로 전달된 식품의 섭취를 통해 인체에 노출될 수 있다. 광산별 비소오염도 수준은 다덕광산이 가장 높아, 평균값이 1950mg/kg 이었으며, 진곡광산도 1690mg/kg수준으로 높았고, 오염도 순위는 다덕광산, 진곡광산, 일광광산, 달성광산, 다락광산순이었다. 비소오염도에 근거한 토지용도별 위해도치 계산을 위하여 미래의 토지용도를 주거지역, 농경지역 상업지역, 공장지역으로 구분하고 각각의 노출시나리오(토양섭취, 피부흡수, 식품을 통한 노출)를 설정하여 지역별 만성일일노출량을 구하고, 발암력 $1.5(mg/kg/day)^{-1}$ (IRIS, 1997)을 환산함으로써 비소에 대한 피부암 초과발암위해도치를 구한 결과, 계산된 95th값 수준은 주거지역, 농경지역의 경우 모든 광산이 $10^{-4}$이상 수준이었고 상업지역의 경우는 다락광산이 6$\times$$10^{-8}$수준으로 가장 낮았으며, 공장지역의 경우는 3$\times$$10^{-8}$ 수준으로 다락광산이 가장 낮았다. 비소의 복원목표 설정을 위해 초과발암위해도 수준 $10^{-6}$을 허용수준으로 하였을 경우 현 상태에서 복원작업 없이도 토지활용이 가능한 광산으로 $10^{-8}$ 수준의 위해도치를 나타낸 다락광산의 경우 상업지역과 공장지역으로의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다 또한 허용위해도 수준을 $10^{-6}$ 수준으로 하고 토양의 비소오염도 수준을 역추적하므로 구한 복원목표치는 주거지역, 농경지역, 상업지역, 공장지역의 경우 각각 0.02mg/kg, 0.003mg/kg, 97.31mg/kg, 194.62mg/kg수준으로 추계되었다. 즉, 일광광산의 경우 공장지역으로 활용코자 한다면 지역의 비소오염도 수준을 194.62mg/kg이하 수준(복원목표수준)으로 낮춰야 한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2007

세계적으로 축산 폐수로 인한 환경오염 문제는 매우 심각하게 거론되어져 왔으며 특히 네덜란드, 덴마크, 영국 등과 같은 축산 선진 국가에서의 연구는 매우 심도 있게 이루어져 왔다. 우리 나라의 경우도 최근 들어 축산업이 대규모 전업화 혹은 기업화 되면서 가축이 배설하는 분뇨가 심각한 수질 및 토양 오염원이 됨에 따라, 정부는 이들 축산 폐수를 억제하기 위한 일환으로 환경 시행법을 법률화하고 있다. 또한 농림수산부는 시설 개선과 축산 폐수의 처리를 위한 시설 지원에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 특히 환경청이나 환경 관련 단체의 활동이 강화되면서 일반 국민의 수질오염에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있는 가운데 이에 부응하는 축산인들의 자체 노력이 가세하여 축산 폐기물로부터 발생하는 수질오염에 대한 경각심은 초미의 관심사로 대두되고 있다. 동물의 품종의 개량과 함께 생산성을 저해하는 각종 질병의 예방, 치료 약제, 성장 촉진 및 사료 효율을 개선할 수 있는 물질이 사료첨가제로 개발되어 사용되었다. 동물의 성장 능력을 향상시키고 사료 효율을 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 물질로서는 항생제(Thrasher, 1968), 효소제(권 등, 2003), 호르몬제(Chung, 1990) 등이 있으며, 최근에는 축산악취저감 및 사료 효율개선 등을 위한 생균제에 관한 연구(박 등, 2001; 길 등, 2004)가 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 양돈 산업에 있어 생산성 향상뿐만 아니라 환경 친화적인 축산을 위하여 양돈을 하면서 발생하는 오염 물질을 감소시키는 것이 가장 시급한 문제로 대두됨에 따라 질소의 배설량을 줄이기 위해서는 저단백질 사료를 급여하거나 단백질 소화율을 개선시킬 수 있는 소화효소제나 미생물제제, 효모제, 생균제 등을 이용하여 배설량 및 질소의 배출량을 감소시킨다는 연구들이 있었으며(민 등, 1992; Park 등, 1994), Sutton 등(1999)과 Shriver 등(2003)은 사료내 단백질 수준을 낮추고, 합성아미노산을 급여함으로써 질소 배설량을 감소시켰다고 보고하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 친환경적인 사료 개발은 사료 효율 및 영양소 소화율의 개선, 분뇨내 질소 배출량 및 악취 발생량을 감소시킬 수 있는 저공해 사료 개발에 대하여 연구하고자 하였다. 저공해 사료 개발에 대한 시험에서는 육성돈의 사료에서 대사에너지 함량을 낮추고, α-1, 6-galactosidase와 β-1,4-mannanase를 포함한 복합 효소제를 첨가하여 성장 능력 및 소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시험을 실시하였다. 사료내 낮은 CP의 함량과 복합 생균제를 첨가 급여 성장능력, 질소배설량 및 악취발생량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다.