• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid(RA) on the development of cholangiocarcinoma in hamsters. Eighty six female Syrian golden hamsters were divided into four groups. Group I was for the induction of the cholangiocarcinoma, which was infected orally with C sinensis and given dimethylnitrosamine(DMN, 15ppm) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Group II was for evaluating the effect of all-trans RA treatment on the cholangiocarcinogenesis, which was treated the same as group I and orally given RA(1mg/kg, 5 times per week) for 15 weeks. Group III was given only RA hr 15 weeks. Control group IV was given only soybean oil which was solvent for RA treatment. More than 5 heads of hamsters in each group were sacrificed at 4, 7, 11 and 15 weeks after the begining of the experiment. The livers were examined grossly, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Death of animals started from the 11 weeks after the begining of the experiment. One of the total 22 animals(5%) and 7 of the total 24 animals(29%) died in group I and group II, respectively. 2. Proliferation of oval cell was peaked at 11 weeks in group I and at 7 weeks in group II, and decreased gradually after those periods of the time. 3. Cholangiocarcinomas were found in 1 of 6 animals(17%) at 11 weeks and in 4 of 6 animals(67%) at 15 weeks in group I, respectively. But in group II, the cholangiocarcinomas occured in 1 of 5 animals(20%) at 7 weeks, in 7 of 12 animals(58%) at 11 weeks and in 2 of the rest animals(100%) at 15 weeks, respectively. 4. Expression of $\alpha$-fetoprotein(AFP) of the oval cells in the group II showed the same degree of positive reaction at that of group I at 4 weeks. But AFP postive oval cells decreased gradually and AFP negative oval cells(ductlike oval cells) increased gradually. 5. Expression of cytokeratin of the oval cells in group II was shown slightly at 4 weeks and the degree of expression increased moderately from the 7 weeks. But the expression of the oval cells in group I was shown slightly after the 7 weeks. These results suggested that all-trans RA promoted the occurrence and the rate of cholangiocarcinoma by inducing differentiation of small cells and oval cells in the liver of hamsters infected with C sinensis and treated with DMN.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.846-854
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• 1995

Background: Cytokeratin 19 is a subunit of cytokeratin intermediate filament expressed in simple epithelia such as respiratory epithelial cells and their malignant counterparts. An immunoradiometric assay is available to detect a fragment of the cytokeratin, referred to as Cyfra 21-1 in the serum. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of this new marker in the diagnosis of lung cancer compared with established markers of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC Ag) and carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA). In addition, we compared the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Cyfra 21-1 with those of SCC Ag in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We also measured the level of Cyfra 21-1 in the different stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Method: We measured Cyfra 21-1(ELSA-CYFRA 21-1), SCC Ag(ABBOTT SCC RIABEAD) and CEA(ELSA2-CEA) in 79 patients with primary lung cancer and in 78 persons as a comparison group including 32 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 23 patients with benign lung disease and 23 cases with healthy individual. Cyfra 21-1 is measured by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay(CIS Bio International, France) based on the two-site sandwich method. SCC Ag is measured by a radioimmunoassay(Abbott Laboratories, USA). CEA is measured by a immunoradiometric assay(CIS Bio International, France). All data were expressed as the mean$\pm$standard deviation. Results: 1) The mean value of Cyfra 21-1 was $18.38{\pm}3.65\;ng/mL$ in the lung cancer and $1.l6{\pm}0.53\;ng/mL$ in the comparison group(p<0.0001). SCC Ag was $3.53{\pm}6.06\;ng/mL$ in the lung cancer and $1.19{\pm}0.5\;ng/mL$ in the comparison group(p<0.01). CEA was $35.03{\pm}13.9\;ng/mL$ in the lung cancer and $2.89{\pm}1.01\;ng/mL$ in the comparison group(p<0.0001). 2) Cyfra 21-1 level in squamous cell carcinoma($31.52{\pm}40.13\;ng/mL$) was higher than that in adenocarcinoma($2.41{\pm}1.34\;ng/mL$)(p<0.0001) and small cell carcinoma($2.15{\pm}2.05\;ng/mL$)(p=0.007). SCC Ag level in squamous cell carcinoma($5.1{\pm}7.68\;ng/mL$) was higher than that in adenocarcinoma($1.36{\pm}0.69\;ng/mL$)(p=0.009) and small cell carcinoma($1.1{\pm}0.24\;ng/mL$) (p=0.024). 3) The level of Cyfra 21-1 was not correlated with the progression of stage in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. 4) Using the cut-off value of 3.3ng/mL, the diagnostic sensitivity of Cyfra 21-1 was 83% in squamous cell carcinoma, 22% in adenocarcinoma and 17% in small cell carcinoma. The sensitivity of SCC Ag and CEA were 39% and 20%, respectively in squamous cell carcinoma, 11% and 39% in adenocarcinoma, and 0% and 33% in small cell carcinoma. 5) Comparison of the receiver operating characteristics curves(ROC curve) for Cyfra 21-1, SCC Ag and CEA revealed that Cyfra 21-1 showed highest diagnostic sensitivity among them in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Conclusion: Cyfra 21-1 is thought to be a better tumor marker for the diagnosis of lung cancer than SCC Ag and CEA, especially in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1996

Malignant rhabdold tumor is a distinct renal tumor in the pediatric age group. It was originally described as a rhabdomyosarcomatold variant of Wilms' tumor. However, subsequent studies fatted to confirm myogenous differentiation, so it is now considered to be a distinct and unique type of highly malignant tumor, histogenetically unrelated. Although extrarenal forms of this tumor are rare, several examples have been described in other sites, especially the liver, prostate, paravertebral area, urinary bladder and soft tissue. We experienced a case of malignant rhabdiod tumor located in the intraabdominal cavity in a 10 month-old boy. Smear of peritoneal fluid showed round, polygonal and irregular shaped cells with large nuclei, ample cytoplasm containing light pink to purple cytoplasmic inclusions, and one or a few prominent nucleoli. Immunocytochemistry revealed positivity to cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, and negativity to desmin and neuron-specific enolase. These distinct cytologic appearance and immunophenotypes were most consistent with a diagnosis of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor. The cytoplasmic inclusions were correlated with eosinophilic inclusions seen in histologic section and electron microscopy confirmed this interpretation, showing filamentous aggregations in the cytoplasms of the tumor cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9611-9614
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• 2014

Purpose: To investigate the clinical value in lung cancer of a combination of four serum tumor markers, haptoglobin (Hp), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron specific enolase (NSE) as well as the cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1). Materials and Methods: Serum Hp (with immune-turbidimetric method), CEA, NSE, CYFRA21-1 (with chemiluminescence method) level were assessed in 193 patients with lung cancer, 87 patients with benign lung disease and 150 healthy controls. Differences of expression were compared among groups, and joint effects of these tumor markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer were analyzed. Results: Serum tumor marker levels in patients with lung cancer were obviously higher than those with benign lung disease and normal controls (p<0.01). The sensitivities of Hp, CEA, NSE and CYFRA21-1 were 43.5%, 40.9%, 23.3% and 41.5%, with specificities of 90.7%, 99.2%, 97.9% and 97.9%. Four tumor markers combined together could produce a positive detection rate of 85.0%, significantly higher than that of any single test. With squamous carcinomas, the positive detection rates with Hp and CYFRA21-1 were higher than that of other markers. In the adenocarcinoma case, the positive detection rate of CEA was higher than that of other markers. For small cell carcinomas, the positive detection rate of NSE was highest. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve ($AUC^{ROC}$) of Hp in squamous carcinoma (0.805) was higher than in adenocarcinoma (0.664) and small cell carcinoma (0.665). Conclusions: Hp can be used as a new serum tumor marker for lung cancer. Combination detection of Hp, CEA, NSE and CYFRA21-1 could significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of lung cancer, and could be useful for pathological typing.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

Background: Chronic rhino-sinusitis and persistent allergic rhinitis is often cited as risk factor for developing adenoid hypertrophy or adenoiditis, but this relationship has not been studied extensively. In this study, we evaluated the mucosal barrier, squamous changes of ciliated epithelium, IgA secretion and BCL-6 expression in adenoids, and adenoid size. Methods: Six children with allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, nine children with only allergic rhinitis, nine children with only sinusitis and six children without any history of allergic rhinitis and sinusitis were enrolled. H-E stain of adenoid for squamous metaplasia, immunohistochemical study of adenoid for IgA and BCL-6, cytokeratin stain for evaluation of mucosal barrier and lateral view X-ray for adenoid size were performed. ANOVA test was used in the analysis and data showing p value of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The number of ciliated cells had tendency to be decreased and squamous metaplasia had tendency to be increased in three experimental groups (p>0.05). Deterioration of mucosal barrier had tendency to be detected in three experimental groups than control group (p>0.05). BCL-6 had tendency to be increased and IgA secretion had tendency to be decreased in three experimental groups (p>0.05). There is no difference in adenoid size between three experimental groups and control group. Conclusion: Despite the expectation that adenoid would be affectecd by allergic rhinitis and rhino-sinusitis, we found no evidence for influence of adenoid immunity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 2011

Purpose: Mucinous eccrine carcinoma of the skin is rare skin adnexal malignant tumor, which most commonly occurs in the head and neck regions. This tumor, although rarely metastatic, has a high incidence of local recurrence. We report a case of mucinous eccrine carcinoma developed on the Lt. cheek which was treated by Mohs surgery. Methods: The patient was a 53-year-old man who showed a palpable skin-colored $1.5{\times}1.5cm$ sized mass on Lt. cheek. We treated it by wide excision, but it recurred several times on the same region. So we finally did the Mohs surgery and full thickness skin graft. Results: The histologic characteristics are large mucinous pools with fibrous septae and clusters of tumor cells. Special stains showed that the mucin was positive reactivity on Periodic acid Schiff. Also the immunocytochemical studies showed a positive reactivity to carcinoembryonic antigen, S-100 protein, cytokeratin-7. Therefore pathologist reported it as a mucinous eccrine carcinoma. Conclusion: Authors experienced a rare case of primary mucinous eccrine carcinoma on Lt. cheek which had recurred several times. Because of the high local recurrence rate, we did the Mohs surgery and got an good result. Therefore the early Mohs surgery would be a good choice to primary mucinous eccrine carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.169-179
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• 1996

This study was carried out to examine the role of small cells and oval cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis in the hamsters infected with Clonorchis(C) sinensis. Forty two female Syrian golden hamsters were divided into two groups. Group I was for the induction of the cholangiocarcinoma, which was infected orally with C sinensis and given dimethylnitrosamine(15ppm) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Group II was served as control. More than 5 heads of hamsters in each group were sacrificed at 4, 7, 11 and 15 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The livers were examined histopathologically, electron microscopically and immunohistochemically. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Cholangiocarcinomas were occurred in 1 of 6 animals at 11 weeks and in 4 of 6 animals at 15weeks after the beginning of the experiment. 2. Small cells and oval cells were proliferated around the portal triads from 4 weeks and peaked at 11 weeks, and slightly decreased after then. 3. The strong positive reaction to the $\alpha$-fetoprotein was shown in many of small cells and oval cells. But ductlike oval cells, which were arranged rosette form, showed week positive reaction to the $\alpha$-fetoprotein. 4. Most of small cells and oval cells showed negative reaction to the cytokeratin. But weak positive reaction in ductlike oval cells, and moderate positive reaction in cholangiocarcinoma cells were observed. These results suggested that cholangiocarcinoma induced by infection of C sinensis was believed to originate from the proliferated small cells around the portal triads which would be able to differentiate to the oval cells, ductlike oval cells, and cholangiocarcinoma cells gradually.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 2007

Background: This study was designed to investigate the role of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with regards to differentiation of somatic stem cells originating from the human umbilical cord blood (UCB) into hepatic lineage cells in vitro culture system. Methods: Mononuclear cells from UCB were cultured with and without HGF based on the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1, FGF-2, and stem cell factor. The cultured cells were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining analysis with albumin (ALB), cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) MoAb. ALB and CK-18 mRNA were also evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In order to observe changes in proliferating capacity with respect to the cultured period, CFSE with affinity to proliferating cells were tagged and later underwent flow cytometry. Results: In the HGF-treated group, cultured cells had a large oval shaped appearance with adherent, but easily detachable characteristics. In the HGF-non treated group, these cells were spindle-shaped with strong adherent characteristics. Expressions of ALB and CK-19 were evident in HGF-treated group compared to non-expression of those in to HGF-non treated group. Dual immunostaining analysis of the ALB producing cells showed presence of PCNA in their nuclei, and ALB and CK-18 mRNA were detected on the 21st day of cultured cells in the HGF-treated group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HGF has a pivotal role in differentiating somatic stem cells of human UCB into hepatic lineage cells in vitro.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.172-176
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• 2010

Postirradiation extraosseous osteogenic sarcomas are uncommon in the head and neck, despite the extensive use of high-dose radiation. It has been described as de novo radiation-induced neoplasm. We present a 73-year-old male who had been treated by radiotherapy for gingival cancer 7 years earlier and later developed extraosseous osteogenic sarcomas (EOSs) of the neck. Microscopically, the neck mass was composed with mesenchymal malignant cells with cartilaginous and osteogenic differentiation. Immunohistochemical stain demonstrated strong positivity of tumor cells for Snail, the one of major epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer. The E-cadherin expression was scarce, showing inverse relationship to Snail expression. Compared with previous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the gingiva, the present EOS sample revealed the remained epithelial cells on cytokeratin immunohistochemistry, suggesting the tumor arise from the cells of epithelial origin. We have also reviewed the previous 6 cases of head and neck EOSs carefully. The clinicopathologic features of the unusual lesion suggest that it is an incomplete EMT of precedent epithelial malignancy rather than de novo pathology.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2022

Objective: Animal-free scaffolds have emerged as a potential foundation for consistent, chemically defined, and low-cost materials. Because of its good potential for high biocompatibility with reproductive tissues and well-characterized scaffold design, we investigated whether polyglycolic acid (PGA) could be used as an animal-free scaffold instead of natural fibrin-agarose, which has been used successfully for three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture. Methods: Isolated primary endometrial cells was cultured on fibrin-agarose and PGA polymers and evaluated various design parameters, such as scaffold porosity and mean fiber diameter. Cytotoxicity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and immunostaining experiments were conducted to examine cell activity on fabricated scaffolds. Results: The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and SEM results showed that endometrial cells grew and proliferated on both scaffolds. Immunostaining showed cytokeratin and vimentin expression in seeded cells after 7 days of culture. On both scaffolds, an epithelial arrangement of cultured cells was found on the top layer and stromal arrangement matrix on the bottom layer of the scaffolds. Therefore, fibrin-agarose and PGA scaffolds successfully mimicked the human endometrium in a way suitable for in vitro analysis. Conclusion: Both fibrin-agarose and PGA scaffolds could be used to simulate endometrial structures. However, because of environmental and ethical concerns and the low cost of synthetic polymers, we recommend using PGA as a synthetic polymer for scaffolding in research instead of natural biomaterials.