• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.138-144
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• 1999

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone (P$_4$) concentration and ultrasonography for measuring the cystic wall thickness and diameter of cyst and corpus luteum were investigated from slaughtered cows with ovarian cysts. Ovarian cysts were classified 8 types by the number of cyst, cystic wall thickness and present of corpus luteum. Ovarian cysts with corpus luteum were 11 (13.6%) of 81 cows and ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were 70 (86.4%) cows. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 33.3%, 2Aa 25.9% and 2Bb 14.8%, respectively. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were follicular cyst 59.2% and luteal cyst 27.2%. The cystic wall thickness were 2Ab 3.7 mm and 2Bb 3.5 mm, and the serum P4 concentrations were above 2.0 ng/ml in 1Aa, 1Ab, 1Ba, 2Ab and 2Bb, respectively. In ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, the correlation coefficients between corpus luteum area and serum P$_4$ concentration were 0.45. In ovarian cysts without corpus luteum, there was significantly positive correlations between cystic wall thickness and serum P$_4$ concentration ($r^2$= 0.54, p＜0.01). These results indicate that PGF$_2$$\alpha$ analogues can be choice for treatment of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and above 3 mm the cystic wall thickness because serum P$_4$ concentrations were above 2.0 ng/ml in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and thickened cystic wall. In conclusion, it is suggest that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis and selection of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2000

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone ($P_4$) concentration and ultrasonography for measuring the cystic wall thickness and diameter of cyst and corpus luteum were investigated from slaughtered cows with ovarian cysts. Ovarian cysts were classified 8 types by the number of cyst, cystic wall thickness and present of corpus luteum. Ovarian cysts with corpus luteum were 11 (13.6%) of 81 cows and ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were 70 (86.4%) cows. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 33.3%, 2Aa 25.9% and 2Bb 14.8%, respectively The Incidence rates of ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were follicular cyst 59.2% and luteal cyst 27.2%. The cystic wall thickness were 2Ab 3.7mm and 2Bb 3.5mm, and the serum P4 concentrations were above 2.0 ng/$m\ell$ in IAa, tAb, IBa, 2Ab and 2Bb, respectively In ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, the correlation coefficients between corpus luteum area and serum $P_4$ concentration were 0.45. In ovarian cysts without corpus luteum, there was significantly positive correlations between cystic wall thickness and serum $P_4$ concentration($r^2$ = 0.54, p<0.01). These results indicate that $PGF_2$$\alpha$ analogues can be choice for treatment of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and above 3mm the cystic wall thickness because serum $P_4$ concentrations were above 2.0 ng/$m\ell$ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and thickened cystic wall. In conclusion, it Is suggested that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis and selection of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1998

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone concentration and ulrasonography for measuring the cyclic area, thickness of cystic wall and echogenicity of corpus luteum were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered cows. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts were follicular cyst 69.2% and luteal cyst 30.8%. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 32.3%, 2Aa 25.8% and 2Bb 14.5%, respectively. The thickness of cystic wall were 2Bb 3.93mm, 2Ab 3.70mm and 1Aa 1.93mm and the serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/$m\ell$ in 2Ab, 2Bb and IAa, respectively. The cystic area of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum was 288.30mm2, but ovarian cysts without corpus luteum 542.30$\textrm{mm}^2$, and the thickness of cystic wall 2.12mm and 2.40mm, respectively. The serum progesterone concentration was 1.91ng/$m\ell$ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and 1.20ng/$m\ell$ ovarian cysts without corpus luteum. There was not the correlations between thickness of cystic wall and serum progesterone concentration in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, whereas, was the correlations in ovarian cysts without corpus. These results indicated that PGF2$\alpha$ analogues can be choice for treating the ovarian cysts with corpus luteum because serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/$m\ell$ in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum. In conclusion, it is suggest that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing and choicing of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.376-383
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• 2003

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone concentration, rectal palpation and ultrasonography for measuring the cystic wall thickness and diameter of cyst and corpus luteum were investigated from 1,188 dairy cows with ovarian cysts. The plasma progesterone concentrations were 0.3$\pm$0.4 (mean$\pm$SD) ng/ml in 629 cows with follicular cysts, 3.7$\pm$1.1 ng/ml in 431 cows with luteal cysts, and 3.8$\pm$1.2 ng/ml in 128 cows with coexist of ovarian cysts and corpus luteum, respectively. The cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography were 1.6$\pm$0.4 mm in 629 cows with follicular cysts, 4.2$\pm$1.5 mm in 431 cows with luteal cysts, and 1.6$\pm$0.6 mm in 128 cows with coexist of ovarian cysts and corpus luteum, respectively. The days from initial treatment to insemination in follicular cysts were 28.1$\pm$6.9 days in treatment of GnRH alone, 15.9$\pm$2.9 days in combination of GnRH and dinoprost, and 15.1$\pm$3.1 days in combination of GnRH and cloprostenol. The percentages of cows conceived within 100 days after initial treatment were 61 %, 68% and 73% in treatment of GnRH alone, combination of GnRH and dinoprost, and combination of GnRH and cloprostenol, respectively. The days from initial treatment to insemination in luteal cysts were 3.8$\pm$0.6 days in treatment of dinoprost alone and 3.8$\pm$0.7 in cloprostenol alone. The percentages of cows conceived within 100 days after initial treatment were 69.5% and 68.5% in treatment of dinoprost and cloprostenol, respectively. The days from initial treatment to insemination in coexist of cysts and corpus luteum were 3.7$\pm$0.7 days in treatment of dinoprost alone and 3.8$\pm$0.6 in cloprostenol alone. The percentages of cows conceived within 100 days after initial treatment were 87% and 84% in treatment of dinoprost and cloprostenol, respectively. These results suggest that the best choice for treatment agents in ovarian cysts were combination of GnRH and PGF$_2$$\alpha$ in follicular cysts, and the PGF$_2$$\alpha$ in luteal cysts and in coexist of cysts and corpus luteum, respectively. In conclusion, it is suggest that ultrasonography is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis and selection of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.351-370
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• 1987

This experiment has been done in order to study the correlation between the ultrastructure changes and the atresia phenomenon of the follicles in porcine ovary. The ovaries were assorted according to the presence or absence of corpus luteum. Thereafter, the follicles were classified into normal, pyknotic, necrotic and cystic groups by atretic characteristics on the histological observation, and then their ultrastructures were examined with an electron microscope. The results were as followings. 1. In normal group, granulosa cells represented the ultrastructural characteristics of protein-synthesizing cells. Since the initiation of atresia, the line structure of granulosa cells showed many of the characteristic features of steroid-secreting cells, followed by gradual pyknosis. 2. In necrotic group of the ovary without corpus luteum, the theca interns became hypertrophic and displayed the ultrastructural features of active steroidsecreting cells. But this phenomenon was not seen in the follicles of the ovary with corpus luteum. 3. Degenerative changes of cumulus cells were similar to those of granulosa cells, and the degenerating oocytes showed the degeneration of cellular organelles, cytoplasmic vacuolization and disappearance of microvilli on the surface. The degeneration of granulosa cells tended to procede that of oocytecumulus complex in the follicles of the ovary having no corpus luteum, but this tendency was reversed in the case of presence of corpus luteum. In conclusion, it may be unable to identi(y the initiation of follicular atresia

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2002

Ovaries from total 192 slaughtered cows(154 Korean native cows and 38 Holstein cows) were collected during the slaughtering process in Kimhae, Changyoung and Yangsan abattoirs in Kyungnam province from January 2001 to January 2002. In order to investigate incidence of the ovarian cysts, anatomical, histological observations were performed and also TUNEL methods and PCNA antibody by immunogistochemical methods for diagnostic accuracy of cysts in a few ovaries were applied. Apoptotic positive cells by TUNEL method appeared not or a few in cystic walls but appeared more number in normal large follicular walls and the proliferative positive cells by PCNA antibody appeared numerous in normal large follicular walls but not or a few in cystic walls. The incident rates of ovarian cysts were 19.5% in Korean native cows and 18.4% in Holstein cows. The incident rates of ovarian cysts in Holstein cows were lower than that of Koran native cows. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Korean native cows were 11.7% and 7.8% respectively. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Holstein cows were 10.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Higher incidence proportions of ovarian cysts according to seasons in Korean native cows were ordered as spring (29.8%), autumn (21.4%) winter (14.3%) and summer (6.7%). Rates of cows with single cyst and multiple cysts were 63.3%(19 heads /30 heads) and 36.7%(11 heads/30 heads) in 30 cystic Korean native cows, respectively. Cystic cows with corpus luteums were 50.0%(15 heads) in 30 Korean native cows and 42.9%(3 heads) in 7 dairy cows, respectively. Among 15 cystic Korean native cows with corpus luteums, rates of cows with single corpus luteum were 66.7%(10 heads) and rates of multiple corpus luteum were 33.3%(5 heads ), respectively. The average diameter of cysts and corpus luteums in cystic ovaries were 21.0$\times$17.1 mm and 18.1$\times$13.8 mm in 30 Korean native cows and 20.6$\times$17.7 mm and 19.3 $\times$ 14.9 mm in 7 Holstein cows, respectively. So the average sizes of cysts in cystic ovaries were larger than those of corpus luteums.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2004

To establish the differential diagnosis and functional status in ovarian cystic cows, progesterone(P$_4$) and estrogen(E$_2$) level of cystic follicular fluid, ultrasonography for measuring the cystic diameter and thickness of cystic wall, and histological findings were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered Korean native cows. Ovarian follicles were classified as systic if the diameter was greater than 25 mm by ultrasonography. Ovarian cysts < 3 mm of cystic wall thickness, < 10 ng/ml P$_4$ concentration and >10 ng/ml E$_2$ concentration were classified follicular cyst, ovarian cysts 3 mm of cystic wall thickness, 10 ng/ml P$_4$ concentration and <10 ng/ml E$_2$ concentration were classified luteal cyst, and ovarian cysts 3 mm of cystic wall thickness, < 10 ng/ml P$_4$ concentration and <10 ng/ml E$_2$ concentration were classified non-functional ovarian cyst, respectively. Also ovarian cysts were classified 8 types by anatomical and hisctological findings. Ovarian cysts with corpus luteum were 3 of 73 cows and ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were 70 cows. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Aa 56.2%, 2Ba 20.5% and 2Ab 15.1%, respectively. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts without corpus luteum were follicular cyst 76.7% and luteal cyst 19.2%. The thickness of cystic wall were lAb 3.9 mm, 2Ab 3.3 mm and 2Bb 3.2 mm, and the cystic fluid P$_4$ concentrations were above 10.0 ng/ml in lAb, 2Ab and 2Bb, respectively. There was significantly correlations between the thickness of cystic wall and cystic fluid P$_4$ concentration in ovarian cysts(p<0.05). The ovarian cyst was classified follicular cysts, luteal cyst and non-functional ovarian cyst by hormone analysis. The luteal cyst was accuratly dignosed by cystic wall thickness. But follicular cysts was misdiagnosed 13 cows of 56 cystic cows. The 13 cystic cows was determined as had non-fuctional ovarian cysts. The cystic fluid P$_4$ concentration was 3.3 ng/ml in follicular ovarian cysts and 30.1 ng/ml luteinized ovarian cysts. There was significantly positive correlations between thickness of cystic wall and serum P$_4$ concentration in follicular(r$^2$ =0.59, p<0.001) and luteal cysts(r$^2$=0.65, p<0.001). These results indicated that ovarian cysts had various stages of degeneration and luteal cyst was accuratly diagnosed measurement of cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography, but follicular cysts was not diagnosed only cystic diameter and cystic wall thickness. In conclusion, it is suggest that ovarian cysts was diagnosed by combination of clinical sign and anatomical cystic features.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2006

Diagnosis on reproductive failures of dairy cows by ultrasonography was performed for 151 dairy cows. To diagnose types of reproductive failures, ultrasonography (SA 600, Medison, 5.0 MHz rectal linear transducer) was carried out in combination with rectal examination. Of 151 dairy cows, pregnant cows were 13 and the cows in normal estrual cycle were 40 cows, thereby the cows with reproductive failures were 98 cows. 1. Of 98 cows with reproductive failures, the cows with ovarian diseases were 34 cows (34.7%) and the cows with uterine diseases were 41 cows (41.8%). 2. The diameter of follicle in proestrus was 1.94 cm and it was longer than that of follicle in diestrus (p<0.05). 3. The mean size of corpus luteum of pregnant cows was bigger than that of corpus luteum in normal diestrus (p<0.05). 4. The length of cystic corpus luteum was 3.26 and the width of that was 1.91 cm. The length of corpus luteum tissue was 1.95 and the width of that was 1.91 cm excluding the size of cavity in corpus luteum. 5. The mean length of follicular cyst was 3.31 and the mean width of that was 2.3 cm. 6. The mean length and width of luteal cyst was 3.45 and 2.25 cm, respectively. The mean length and width of corpus luteum tissue was 1.15 and 0.67 cm, respectively, excluding the size of cyst in the luteal cyst. 7. The width of uterine horn associated with endometritis was significantly reduced as the period after parturition was elapsed (p<0.05). The mean width of uterine horn within 40 days after parturition was 4.55 cm. These results indicated that ultrasonography is of great use for accurate diagnosis both on ovarian diseases and uterine diseases and that it is very effective to diagnose endometritis in dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.148-155
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• 1988

Holstein cows being raised in the Kangweon district were examined on the breeding status and occurrence of reproductive disorder. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The cows above six years old in the alpine area were raised more than those in high level zone and plate zone. 2. A total of 1,350 Holstein cows were examined on the breeding status. They were 71.9% conceived cows, 7.9% of uncertain1$\frac{1}{2}$ regnancy, 7.0 of physiological vacancy and 13.3 of reproductive disorder. 3. The percentage of cows conceived by 1, 2, 3 and more than 4 times of A.I. was 49.9, 29.2, 13.3 and 7.6, respectively. 4. In the nutritional condition of infertile coes, excellent, good, fair and poor were 6.7, 30.2, 34.1 and 29.1, respectively. In the good and fair nutritional condition, the cows of ovarian syndrome were 15.6% of persistent corpus luteum, and 11.7% of follicular cystic ovary and lutein cystic ovary, respectively. 5. Among 179 inferTile cows, distributions of reproductive disorder were 43.0, 39.1, 3.9, 3.9 and 10.1% in ovary, uterus vagina, oviduct and others, respectively. Ovary showed higher percentage than any other reproductive organs. Among the ovarian syndromes, follicular cystic ovary, lutein cystic ovary and persistent corpus luteum were 28.6, 28.6 and 23.4%, respectively. 6. A cow group of six and seven-year old showed the highest percentage(21.0% and 23.3%) among the age groups in infertile cows. In the syndrome of reproductive disorder, catarrhal endometritis, latent endometritis, follicular cystic ovary and lutein cystic ovary were 14.5, 14.0, 12.3 and 12.3%, respectively. 7. Infertile cows with complex syndrome of genital disease was 31.8%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1711-1715
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• 2006

To predict the number of preantral (primordial, primary and secondary) follicles retrieved from bovine ovaries, we examined the relationship between morphological parameters of ovaries and number of preantral follicles retrieved mechanically. The preantral follicles were retrieved mechanically by slicing ovarian tissue and the influences of size of the ovaries, number of antral follicles, and presence of cystic follicle and corpus luteum on the retrieval were evaluated. Total 77 ovaries were used and significant (p<0.05) relationship was detected between the number of antral follicles and the presence of cystic follicles, and the retrieval number. More preantral follicles were retrieved from the ovaries having more than 20 antral follicles than those having less than 20 antral follicles (17,760${\pm}$5,637 vs. 3,689${\pm}$537) in the ovarian cortex. The retrieval number was significantly reduced in cystic ovaries compared with non-cystic ovaries (5,167${\pm}$825 vs. 20,631${\pm}$6,507). However, neither ovary size (<3.5, 3.5 to 4.0, 4.0 to 4.5 and >4.5 cm) nor the presence of corpus luteum affected the follicle retrieval. In conclusion, the number of preantral follicles retrieved from the ovaries can simply be predicted by the number of antral follicles and the presence of cystic follicles in the ovarian cortex.