• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2012

스톤칼럼으로 개량된 연약점토지반의 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 1g 진동대 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 스톤칼럼으로 보강된 모형지반의 거동은 지반과 스톤칼럼의 상호작용에 관한 Baez의 가정을 기초로 구성된 1차원 수치모델과 유사한 결과를 보였다. 실험결과와 수치해석 결과에 따르면 스톤칼럼으로 보강된 연약점토지반은 반복 연화현상(Cyclic softening)등으로 발생하는 과다한 전단변형이 감소하는 경향을 보이지만 단주기 특성을 가지는 지진파가 스톤칼럼으로 개량된 지반에 가해지는 경우에는 개량지반의 증가된 강성으로 인해 개량되지 않은 지반에 비해 가속도가 크게 증가하는 현상이 발생할 수도 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1192-1202
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• 1994

Fatigue behavior and life prediction were presented for thermal-mechanical and isothermal low cycle fatigue of 12Cr forged steel used for high temperature applications. In-phase and out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue test at 350 to 600.deg. C and isothermal low cycle fatigue test at 600.deg. C were conducted using smooth cylindrical hollow specimen under strain-control with total strain ranges from 0.006 to 0.015. Cyclic softening behavior was observed regardless of thermal-mechanical and isothermal fatigue tests. The phase difference between temperature and strain in thermal-mechanical fatigue resulted in significantly shorter fatigue life for out-of-phase than for in-phase. The difference in fatigue lives was dependent upon the magnitudes of inelastic strain ranges and mean stresses. Increase in inelastic strain range showed a tendency of intergranular cracking and decrease in fatigue life, especially for out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue. Thermal-mechanical fatigue life prediction was made by partitioning the strain ranges of the hysteresis loops and the results of isothermal low cycle fatigue tests which were performed under the combination of slow and fast strain rates. Predicted fatigue lives for out-of-phase using the strain range partitioning method showed an excellent agreement with the actual out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue lives within a factor of 1.5. Conventional strain range partitioning method exhibited a poor accuracy in the prediction of in-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue lives, which was quite improved conservatively by a proposed strain range partitioning method.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2011

동절기와 해빙기의 기온차가 큰 지역에서는 일정 깊이까지 동결, 융해 작용이 반복적으로 발생하여 흙의 역학적 특성이 변화를 보이게 된다. 특히 세립분이 많은 흙인 경우 팽창과 수축을 통한 입자의 재배열 등으로 인하여 노반의 연약화가 많이 발생된다. 이러한 노반의 연약화는 지지력이 낮은 지반에서 반복하중이 재하 되었을 때 급격하게 나타날 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내의 철도 노반재료로 사용되는 대표 토질 3가지를 대상으로 세립분의 함유량, 간극비의 영향 등을 고려하여 동결융해 반복횟수에 따른 직접전단 시험을 실시하여 그 감소량을 정량적으로 평가하였으며, 이를 통하여 세립분의 함유량과 함수비 조건, 동결융해 횟수 등을 고려할 수 있는 전단강도 저감 모델 식을 제안하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.777-785
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• 2000

The low-cycle fatigue behaviors of cast AI-Si alloy and composite with reinforcement of SIC particles were compared with those of extruded unreinforced matrix alloy and composite in order to investigate the influence of cast and extrusion processes on the cyclic deformation and fatigue life. Generally, both cast and extruded composites including the unreinforced alloy exhibited cyclic hardening behaviour, with more pronounced strain-hardening for the composites with a higher volume fraction of the SiC particles. However, cast composite under a low applied cyclic strain showing no observable plastic strain exhibited cyclic softening behavior due to the cast porosities. The elastic modulus and yield strength of the cast composite were found to be quite comparable to those of the extruded composite, however, the extrusion process considerably improved the ductility and fracture strength of the composite by effectively eliminating the cast porosities. Low-cycle fatigue lives of the cast alloy and composite were shorter than those of the extruded counterparts. Large difference in life between cast and extruded composites was attributed to the higher influence of the cast porosities on the fatigue life of the composite than that of the unreinforced alloy material. A fatigue damage parameter using strain energy density effectively represented the inferior life in the low-cycle regime and superior life in the high-cycle regime for the composite, compared to the unreinforced alloy.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권11호
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• pp.707-715
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• 2009

This paper deals with cyclic stress and strain responses during isothermal low cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loadings on Nb and Mo containing 15Cr stainless steel, which is used for exhaust manifolds in automobiles. The test temperatures ($T_{i}$) of the isothermal LCF were 600 and $800^{\circ}C$. The minimum temperature of the TMF test was $100^{\circ}C$ and the maximum temperaures ($T_{p}$) were varied between 500 and $800^{\circ}C$. In both loading conditions, weak cyclic softening is observed at $T_{i}=T_{p}=800^{\circ}C$, but the transition to strong cyclic hardening is completed with the temperature decrease below $T_i=600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ for LCF and $T_{p}=500{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ for TMF. The stress-strain hysteresis loops in the TMF loading show a significant stress relaxation during compressive (heating) half cycle at $T_{p}>500^{\circ}C$, which develops tensile mean stress during cycling. Due to the stress relaxation, the TMF test sample reveals much lower dislocation density than the isothermally fatigued sample at the same temperature with $T_{p}$. A detailed correlation between fatigue microstructure and cycling deformation behavior is discussed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.433-445
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• 2020

The weakening and softening behavior of soft clay subjected to cyclic loading due to the build-up of excess pore water pressure is well-known. During the design stage of the foundation of highways and coastal high-rise buildings, it is important to study the mechanical behavior of marine soils under cyclic loading as they undergo greater settlement during cyclic loading than under static loading. Therefore, this research evaluates the cyclic stress-strain and shear strength of untreated and treated marine clay under the effects of wind, earthquake, and traffic loadings. A series of laboratory stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests have been conducted on both untreated and treated marine clay using different effective confining pressures and a frequency of 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. In addition, treated samples were cured for 28 and 90 days and tested under a frequency of 2.0 Hz. The results revealed significant differences in the performance of treated marine clay samples than that of untreated samples under cyclic loading. The treated marine clay samples were able to stand up to 2000 loading cycles before failure, while untreated marine clay samples could not stand few loading cycles. The untreated marine clay displayed a higher permanent axial strain rate under cyclic loading than the treated clay due to the existence of new cementing compounds after the treatment with recycled tiles and low amount (2%) of cement. The effect of the effective confining pressure was found to be significant on untreated marine clay while its effect was not crucial for the treated samples cured for 90 days. Treated samples cured for 90 days performed better under cyclic loading than the ones cured for 28 days and this is due to the higher amount of cementitious compounds formed with time. The highest deformation was found at 0.5 Hz, which cannot be considered as a critical frequency since smaller frequencies were not used. Therefore, it is recommended to consider testing the treated marine clay using smaller frequencies than 0.5 Hz.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2019

리튬이차전지용 음극재로서 피치로 코팅된 천연흑연의 전기화학적 특성이 조사되었다. 천연흑연과 피치의 혼합물을 $1000^{\circ}C$에서 소성하여 음극재를 제조하였다. 다양한 연화점의 피치가 탄소전구체로 사용되었다. 제조된 음극재의 물리적 특성은 TGA, SEM, PSA 및 BET로 분석하였다. 피치의 연화점이 증가할수록 코팅 층의 두께가 증가하였고, 비표면적이 감소하였다. 초기 충 방전 효율, 사이클, 순환전압전류, 속도 특성 및 임피던스 테스트를 통해 전기화학적 성능을 조사하였다. 연화점 $250^{\circ}C$의 피치로 탄소 코팅된 천연흑연은 초기 방전용량 361 mAh/g과 쿨롱 효율 92.6%을 보였다. 또한 출력 특성(5 C/0.2 C)은 코팅되지 않은 천연흑연에 비해 1.6배 향상되었으며, 0.5 C로 진행된 사이클 테스트에서 50 사이클 후 90%의 용량 유지율을 나타내었다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

지진하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 패널의 이력거동을 힘의 평형조건, 변형의 적합조건 및 재료의 구성법칙을 이용한 재료메카니즘을 이용하여 예측하였다. 해석에서는 7단계의 압축응력-변형률곡선과 6단계의 인장응력-변형률곡선으로 구성된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 모델을 이용하였다. 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 모델에는 균열이 발생한 콘크리트의 연화효과에 의한 압축강도 저감효과가 고려되었다. 해석에 적용된 반복하중을 받는 철근의 평균 응력-변형률관계에는 바우싱거효과 및 철근과 콘크리트의 부착작용을 고려한 인장경화효과가 고려되었다. 해석에 의하여 예측된 패널의 이력거동은 철근비가 다른 3개의 철근콘크리트 패널시험에 의하여 검증되었다. 해석법은 패널의 이력곡선을 추적하여 철근비가 점차 증가하는 시험체의 최대전단응력을 매우 정확히 예측하였다. 또한, 해석에 의하여 예측된 수직 및 수평변형률은 실험에서 관찰된 변형률과 잘 일치하였다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.555-581
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• 2018

The moment-resistant steel frames are frequently used as a load-bearing structure of buildings. Global response of a moment-resistant frame structure strongly depends on connections behavior, which can significantly influence the response and load-bearing capacity of a steel frame structure. The analysis of a steel frame with included joints behavior is the main focus of this work. In particular, we analyze the behavior of two connection types through experimental tests, and we propose numerical beam model capable of representing connection behavior. The six experimental tests, under monotonic and cyclic loading, are performed for two different types of structural connections: end plate connection with an extended plate and end plate connection. The proposed damage-plasticity model of Reissner beam is able to capture both hardening and softening response under monotonic and cyclic loading. This model has 18 constitutive parameters, whose identification requires an elaborate procedure, which we illustrate in this work. We also present appropriate loading program and arrangement of measuring equipment, which is crucial for successful identification of constitutive parameters. Finally, throughout several practical examples, we illustrate that the steel structure connections are very important for correct prediction of the global steel frame structure response.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2019

Reinforced Concrete (RC) shear walls are widely used in Nuclear power plants as effective lateral force resisting elements of the structure and these may experience nonlinear behavior for higher earthquake demand. Short shear walls of aspect ratio less than 1.5 generally experience combined shear flexure interaction. This paper presents the results of the displacement-controlled experiments performed on six RC short shear walls with varying aspect ratios (1, 1.25 and 1.5) for monotonic and reversed quasi-static cyclic loading. Simulation of the shear walls is then carried out by Finite element modeling and also by macro modeling considering the coupled shear and flexure behaviour. The shear response is estimated by softened truss theory using the concrete model given by Vecchio and Collins (1994) with a modification in softening part of the model and flexure response is estimated using moment curvature relationship. The accuracy of modeling is validated by comparing the simulated response with experimental one. Moreover, based on the experimental work a multi-linear hysteretic model is proposed for short shear walls. Finally ultimate load, drift, ductility, stiffness reduction and failure pattern of the shear walls are studied in details and hysteretic energy dissipation along with damage index are evaluated.