• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2024

The aim of this paper was to review the biomechanics of knife injuries, including those that occur during stabbing rampages. In knife stab attacks, axial force and energy were found to be 1,885 N and 69 J, respectively. The mean velocity of a stabbing motion has been reported to range from 5 to 10 m/sec, with knife motions occurring between 0.62 and 1.07 seconds. This speed appears to surpass the defensive capabilities of unarmed, ordinarily trained law enforcement officers. Therefore, it is advisable to maintain a minimum distance of more than an arm's length from an individual visibly armed with a knife. In training for knife defense, particularly in preparation for close-quarter knife attacks, this timing should be kept in mind. Self-inflicted stab wounds exhibited a higher proportion of wounds to the neck and abdomen than assault wounds. Injuries from assault wounds presented a higher Injury Severity Score, but more procedures were performed on self-inflicted stab wounds. Wound characteristics are not different between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal self-wrist cutting injuries. Consequently, trauma surgeons cannot determine a patient's suicidal intent based solely on the characteristics of the wound. In Korea, percent of usage of lethal weapon is increasing. In violence as well as murders, the most frequently used weapon is knife. In the crimes using knife, 4.8% of victims are killed. Therefore, the provision of prehospital care by an emergency medical technician is crucial.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2008

Effects of sodium fluoride exposure on the amelogenesis during fetal formation were investigated using 11 days rat incisor of control group and two experimental groups. According to results of morphological analysis using an electron microscope, enamel organ in the rat incisor consisted of presecretory, secretory, and maturation zone, especially maturation zone had ruffle-ended ameloblasts (rAB) that additionally supply inorganic ions and smooth-ended ameloblasts (sAB) that remove water and organic compounds. Such a histological composition was same in fetal and adult rats. According to experimental results using calcein (green fluorescence) in order to reveal the modulation cycle of ameloblast, modulation cycle of experimental group decreased on an average one time than control group, as increase of density of sodium fluoride indicated that thickness of smooth-ended ameloblast decreased. Also ratio of thickness on sagittal total length of sAB increased than rAB in experimental groups than control group. In total length of teeth, an injected 100 ppm sodium fluoride group was similar control group but as injected 200 ppm group became short. In experimental group, thickness of sAB and rAB became narrow to the tip of cutting edge. According to concentration of sodium fluoride grows, the modulation cycle and total length of teeth were decreased, finally it prevented teeth growth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 1997

A field experiment was conducted in Chungiu and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, root development, dry matter yield, crude protein yield and palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer level at intercropping cultivation of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(hereinafier referred as SSH) and soybean. Nitrogen level was six treatment of Okg, 30kg 60kg, 90kg 120kg, and 150kg per hectare, and cutting date (sorghum $\times$ sudangrass and soybean) was july 28. 1. In the SSH, plant length was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer from 0kg/ha to 120kg/ha, but 150kgha treatment was decreased cornpared to 120kg/ha treatment. In the soybean, plant length did not show difference among 0kg, 30kg 60kg, and 90kg per hectare, but 120kg and 150kgfha treatment was on the contrary short. In the SSH, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were the highest in 120kg/ha treatment, but soybean showed multifarious. 2. Stem diameter of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. But soybean was thick from 0kg/ha treatment to 60kg/ha treatment, while above 90kg/ha treatment was on the contrary thin. Stem of SSH was hard with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but soybean was soft with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Root weight (Dry matter) of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. On the contrary, soybean was decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. 3. In the dairy cattle and Korean native cattle, palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer was the highest at 90kgha treatment, while 120kgha treatment and 150kgha treatment was the lowest. But in the deer, 30kg/ha treatment of low nitrogen fertilizer was the highest in palatability. 4. Nitrogen content of root of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer(P<0.01). But in soybean, 30kg and 60kg/ha treatment were higher than 0kg, 90kg, 120kg and 150kg/ha treatment(P<0.01). Total niwogen content of soil were high at 90kg 120kg 150kgha trea~ment(P<0.01). 5. Dry matter yield was high at the 90kg 120kg and 150kgha treatment as range from 15, 262kg/ha to 15, 614kg/ha without significant difference among those, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 11, 183kg/ha (PC 0.05). Protein content of SSH was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 8.3 percentage. Soybean was highest at 60kgha treatment as 22.9 percentage. Protein yield was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 1, 547.6kg/ha, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 1, 022.8kg/ha (P<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.74-83
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was investigate to the influence of forest roads characteristics and environment factors on the soil erosion, stability and vegetation survival of cut slope in forest roads. The results obtained could be summarized as follows; 1. The correlated factors between slope erosion and variables in cut slope were altitude, convex, degree of slope, length of slope and soil depth. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope and soil hardness was a high significant and its regression equation was given by -89.6136 + 15.0667X14 + 16.6713X15($R^2$ = 0.6712). 2. The main factors influencing the stability of cut slope were significant in order of coverage, middle, convex, length of slope and north, and its discriminant equation was given by -1.019 + 0.064X22 - 0.808X8 - 0.622X24 + 0.742X11 - 0.172X14 - 0.545X6 ($R^2$ = 0.793). 3. The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability estimated to 1.244 and -1.348, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.1038. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation of was as high as 91.3%. 4. The dominant species of invasion vegetation on the cut slope consist with Carex humilis, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, and Ixeris dentata in survey area. The rate of vegetation invasion more increased by time passed. 5. The life form of invasion vegetation in cut slop showed to $H-D_1-R_{2,3}-e$ type of the hemicryptophyte of dormancy form, dissem inated widely by wind and water of dissminule type, moderate extent and narrowest extent of radicoid type, erect form of growth form. 6. The correlated factors between forest enviroment and coverage appeared north, passage years and middle position of slope at 5% level. The forest environment factors influencing the invasion plants in survey area were shown in order to altitude, passage years, rock(none), forest type(mixed) and stone amount. The regression equation was given by 17.5228 - 0.0911X3 + 3.6189X28 15.8493X22 19.8544X25 + 0.3558X26 ($R^2$ = 0.4026).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.378-382
• /
• 2000

For the production of second crop in 'Campbell Early' grape, the primary shoots were pruned at 3rd, 6th or 9th nodes from the shoot bases on 13 days, 23 days and 33 days after full bloom date on 7th June. Secondary shoots were sprouted 7~8 days after the pruning, and it took 19~25 days for the flowering on the secondary shoots. The flower cluster number on secondary shoots were 2.8 for 13 days after full bloom, and 3.2 for 23 days and 33 days after full bloom, meaning little effect by pruning time. The 3rd node pruning produced 2~2.4 flower clusters with flower cluster length of 9.3~10.4 cm, while the 6th or 9th node pruning produced 3.1~3.8 flower clusters with flower cluster length of 12~14.9 cm, showing superior flower cluster length for the 6th or 9th node pruning. The secondary shoots developed from the buds pruned 13 days after full bloom with pruning bud positions of 6th nodes demonstrated superior fruits with higher soluble solids and lower acidity than the rest of the pruning times and positions.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2006

Changes in the soil physical property and the topographic condition derived from agricultural activities like as farming activities, land clearance and cutting down resulted in environmental and economic problems including the outflow of nutrient from farms and the water pollution. Several theories on the soil conservation have been developed and reviewed to protect soil erosion in the regions having a high risk of erosion. This study was done using the USLE model developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978), and model for the slope length and steepness made by Desmet and Govers (1996), and Nearing (1997) to evaluate the potential of the soil erodibility. Therefore, several results were obtained as follows. First, factors affecting the soil erosion based on the USLE could be extracted to examine the erosion potential in farms. Soil erodibility (K), slope length (L), and slope steepness (S) were used as main factors in the USLE in consideration of the soil, not by the land use or land cover. Second, the soil erodibility increased in paddy soils where it is low in soil content, and the very fine sandy loam exists. Analysis of the slope length showed that the value of a flat ground was 1, and the maximum value was 9.17 appearing on the steep mountain. Soil erodibility showed positive relationship to a slope. Third, the potential soil erodibility index (PSEI) showed that it is high in the PSEI of the areas of steep upland and orchard on the slope of mountainous region around Dokjigol mountain, Dunji mountain, and Deummit mountain. And the PSEI in the same land cover was different depending on the slope rather than on the physical properties in soil. Forth, the analysis of land suitability in soil erosion explained that study area had 3,672.35ha showing the suitable land, 390.88ha for the proper land, and 216.54ha for the unsuitable land. For unsuitable land, 8.71ha and 6.29ha were shown in fallow uplands and single cropping uplands, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.420-428
• /
• 1988

Root is supposed to be important role in growth and yield formation of soybeans and also there is expected to exist varietal differences between soybean root morphology and system. 30 soybean varieties including 10 Korean recommended, 10 Introduced and 10 Korean native varieties were grown at field and pot under standard culture condition. Top and root characteristics were investigated at V4, R1 and R5 stage and T/R relations, correlations with yield were calculated. Top characteristics showed significant difference between 3 variety groups of Korean recommended, Introduced and Korean native variety. Stem length at R1 stage and stem length, stem diameter, number of nodes, number of branches, number of pods and grain yield at R5 stage were significantly different top characteristics. Root characteristics showed significant difference between 3 variety groups were number of thick primary root at V4 stage, primary root angle and root cutting strength at R1 stage, thick root diameter and root dry weight at R5 stage. The correlations between top and root characteristics and soybean yield was greatly different by soybean variety groups, and the top characteristics was more highly correlated then root characteristics. All the top and root characteristics of Korean recommended variety showed no correlations with yield. However, leaf area, stem length, top dry weight in Introduced variety and leaf area, top dry weight, number of nodes, number of thick primary root in Korean native variety were highly correlated with soybean yield.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.842-849
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the effects of rare-earth fertilizer on the shoot cuttings' rooting of Vitex rotundifolia L. and Tamarix chinensis Lour. The shoot cutting test was carried in 2008 and the main results are summarized as follows. The rate of rooting and the average roots increased in both number and length when rare-earth fertilizer is treated in V. rotundifolia and T. chinensis in comparison to those of the untreated control plot. In particular, when rare-earth fertilizer is diluted with water 1/2500, the rooting outstandingly increases. This result is almost similar to the effect of the rooting stimulant, IAA. Although there is no differentiation in its rooting rate according to the density, the rooting of T. chinensis shows a 100 percent effect on in the entire treated plot but not in the untreated control plot, so it is usable as a rooting stimulant. As for shoot cuttings' rooting, depending on the time immersed in diluted solution of rare-earth fertilizer, both V. rotundifolia and T. chinensis showed relatively higher percentages in all treatment plot immersed for 60 minutes than for 10 minutes. In conclusion, considering the results of the rooting percentage and the average number and length of roots of V. rotundifolia and T. chinensis, the shoot cuttings' rooting appeared higher in percentage when they were immersed in the rooting stimulant for sixty minutes with a lower density than 1/2500. This result shows that rare-earth fertilizer can be utilized as an alterative for IAA rooting stimulants currently available in the market.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 1973

This study was investigated the methods of vegetative propagation for new Lespedeza varieties. Experimental matterials were used 6 Lespedeza species; L. maximowiczii, L. cyrtobotrya, L. angustifolioides, L. bicolor, L. maximowiczii var. tomentella, and L. japonica var. intermedia. In April a year branches were cut 15-20cm length and 3-4mm thickness and planted in sand bed (depth 150cm) to be sterilized by the 0.1% solution of Uspulun. And then the cutting beds were irrigated and shaded. The results are as follows. 1. The rooting rates of the cuttings could be found so variable among varieties from 69% of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to 50.3% of L. japonica var. intermedia. 2. The growth performance showed statistically significant difference at 1% level among varieties. L. maximowiczii was the best, while L. japonica var. intermedia showed the wrost growth performance of them. 3. The average number of roots with more than 5 cm length per stock was revealed statistically significant difference at the 1% level among varieties from the greatest number of 6.4 of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to the smallest number of 2.3 of L. japonica var. intermedia. 4. Total average length of the roots per stock was statistically significant so different at 1% level from the longest 279.8cm of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to the shortest 41.1cm of L. japonica var. intermedia. 5. The average ndules with more than 1 mm in diameter per stock was statistically significant so different at 1% level among varieties from the greatest number of 34.4 of L. maximowcizii to the smallest numqer of 4.6 of L. japonica var. intermedia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2020

This study was undertaken to evaluate the growth, body shape and carcass cutting yield traits of Duroc (D) and crossbred (Duroc×Pietrain×Pietrain; DPP) pigs. A total of 147 D and 101 DPP pigs were used for analyzing the growth trait, whereas 16 D and 16 DPP pigs were evaluated for carcass yields. Backfat thickness (BF) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were significantly higher in D (14.07±0.24 mm, 2,101 g) than in DPP (12.69±3.25 mm, 1,909 g) (p <0.001). Moreover, D exhibited significantly higher body shape traits including body height (BH), chest depth (CD) and chest width (CW), as compared to DPP pigs (p <0.001). No differences were observed for body length (BL) between the two strains. Analysis of the carcass cutting yield traits determined for D and DPP were in the order: ham (HM; 31.17% and 33.43%), belly (BY; 23.40% and 19.55%), and picnic shoulder (PS; 16.54% and 16.87%), respectively. Then, HM showed a difference of 2.26% P with D(31.17%) and DPP(33.43%), while BY showed a difference of 3.85% P with D(23.40%) and DPP(19.55%). Taken together, our results indicate that DPP has a better feed efficiency than D, and therefore has the potential to increase the production of low-fat pork, targeting consumers having a high preference who have opted for a healthy lifestyle. These results can be used as basic data for developing an ideal pig breed.