• 혜화의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2004

Now many sustitution and false articles is used in korea instead of heshouwu. To use heshouwu correctly, we will make a quilitative certificational plan of heshouwu to investigate all of lieraturea, records and documents. And we could reach conclusions as folloews. 1) Source of plant Heshouwu is a root tuber of a perennial herb Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg(Family : Polygonaceae). 2) Harvest After planting 3-5 yaers, harvesting in an autumn, washin clean the mud, a big heshouwu cut off a half or section, dry in sunny place or at a little fire. When harvesting, we harvest only a big thing, a small thing transfer a field, after culturing of 1-2 years, harvest at big roots. Harvesting is done usually in an autumn after 3 years. When collecting a seed, we must harvest a heshouwu the next year. 3) Process We must process heshouwu at the decoction of black beans, heshouwu suck in the decoction of black beans, heat with steam in an iron pot. Black beans is used every 100 kg of heshouwu. 4) Quility (1) Funstional standards It is good that weight is heavy and outer skin is yellow-brown, section surface is light red color, powdery and has a figure such as clouds in section. (2) Physicochemical standards Heshouwu expesses a various chang of components in process of working. We think that it need to add a standard of detection about 2,3,5,4'-tetrahrdroxystilbene-2-O-${\beta}$ -D-glucoside in a current authentic document which is a water-soluble component of heshouwu. It must that Dry on loss is less than 14.0%, content of ash is less than 5.0%, Content of acid-nonsoluble ash is less than 1.5%, Content of extract is more than 17.0%. A fixed quantity of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahrdroxystilbene-2-O-${\beta}$ -D-glucoside is more than 1.0%. Contens of heavy metal has to detect less than 30 ppm and there is no reminding agriculural medince.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 제주도에 서식하는 노루의 출현확률을 기반으로 제주노루의 서식지 선호도를 분석하고자 하였다. 제주노루의 출현확률 분석을 위해 MaxEnt 모델을 활용하였고, 노루의 출현정보는 제주지역에서 이루어진 노루흔적조사 및 위치추적정보를 토대로 총 490개의 위치정보를 취합하였다. 환경변수로는 지형과 관련된 변수 4개, 거리변수 6개, 위성영상으로부터 얻은 변수 4개, 영급 등 총 15개의 변수가 선정되었는데, 그 중 변수 간 상관분석을 통하여 서로 간에 상관성이 높은 6개의 변수를 제거한 후 최종적으로 9개의 환경변수를 설명변수로 활용하였다. 분석에 의하면 제주노루가 출현 혹은 서식을 위해 선호하는 지역은 고도와 숲의 경계, 오름 등에 의존적인 것으로 나타났고, 특별히 선형적인 관계는 아니지만 고도에 따라 제주노루의 출현이 가장 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 제주노루는 해발고도 200~700m 사이의 지역과 1,500m 이상의 지역에서 가장 높은 출현확률을 보인 반면, 700~1,500m 구간에서는 높지 않은 출현확률을 보였다. 이는 해발고도 700~1,500m 구간은 한라산에서 가장 밀도가 높은 숲이 우거져 있는 지역이며, 이 지역에서 우점하고 있는 식생의 수관(crown)이 태양광을 차단하여 하층식생의 생육을 방해하므로 초식동물인 노루가 선호하는 연한 잎의 생산이 부족한 것이 그 원인인 것으로 판단된다. 반면 해발고도 200~700m 구간과 1,500m 이상의 정상부가 제주노루에 선호되는 배경은 우점하는 식생의 밀도가 매우 낮아 하층식생이 발달하여 있고, 이로 인해 제주노루가 구하기 쉬운 연한 잎을 생산하는 초본과 관목이 많이 생육하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 제주노루의 생태적 특성, 서식지 선호도 분석, 행동생태 등의 모델링을 위해서는 보다 세밀하고 심도있는 위치정보 및 현장조사가 필요하지만, 본 연구를 통하여 제주노루의 서식지 선호경향을 예측하였다는 점에서 그 의미가 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.486-493
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• 2003

유기금속 화학기상 증착법(MOCVD)을 이용하여 사파이어 기판에 AlGaN/n/sup ＋/-GaN 구조와 AlGaN/AlGaN interlayer/n/sup ＋/-GaN 구조로 성장시킨 AlGaN 층을 이용하여 쇼트키형 자외선 수광소자를 제작하였다. 성장층은 약 1018의 캐리어 농도와 각각 236과 269 ㎠/V·s의 이동도를 가진다. 메사구조를 형성하기 위해 ICP 장비로 식각한 후, Si₃N₄로 절연한 뒤 Ti/Al/Ni/Au와 Pt를 이용하여 저항성 전극 및 쇼트키전극을 형성하였다. 그리고 interlayer를 갖는 Pt/Al/sub 0.33/Ga/sub 0.67/N의 전기적 특성은 -5 V에서 1 ㎁의 낮은 누설전류를 보였고, interlayer가 없는 Pt/Al/sub 0.33/Ga/sub 0.67/N은 0.1㎂로 나타났다. 광측정 결과, interlayer를 갖는 Pt/Al/sub 0.33/Ga/sub 0.63/N 쇼트키 수광소자는 차단파장이 약 300 ㎚이며, 광응답도는 280 ㎚에서 0.15 A/W, 그리고 자외선 대 가시광선 제거비는 1.5×10⁴로 우수한 반응특성을 보였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2000

Objective: A number of studies to improve in vitro culture conditions have been tried over past ten years by using co-culture system with helper somatic cells. However, the mechanism of coculture is poorly understood. This study was designed to understand the mechanism for the mode of actual action of co-culture using co-culture system of ICR strain's 1-cell embryos with human oviduct epithelial cells by examining the effect of conditioned medium and contactless coculture using a cell culture insert on the embryo development and by measuring the level of superoxide anion from conditioned medium after co-culture. Methods: ICR strain's zygote embryos were cultured in medium alone (control), coculture, conditioned medium, or contactless coculture system for 6 days. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared as following 5 groups. All CM were collected after culturing oviduct cells for 2 days. CM-1 was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use, and CM-2 was prepared just before use as a culture medium. CM-3 was cocultured with embryos and retrieved just before use. CM-4 and CM-5 were derives from the microfilteration of CM-2 and CM-3, respectively, using Microcon-10 (10 kDa molecular weight cut-off). The percentage of the embryos developed to hatched blastocyst stage and the level of superoxide anion in supernatant from medium alone culture (control), coculture, and contactless coculture were measured. Results: The rates of embryo development to the hatched blastocyst stage were significantly higher in coculture (43%) than in control (0%) (p<0.05). The CM-1 group had no embryo development since 2-cell embryonic stage, whereas the CM-2, CM-3, CM-4 and CM-5 groups had the improved development to 4 or 8 cell embryo stage, but the similar rate of development to hatched blastocyst compared to control. The effect of coculture on embryo development was disappeared in the contactless coculture group. The level of superoxide anion was significantly reduced in coculture group compared to control. Conclusion: It is concluded that the present coculture system overcomes the 2-cell block in vitro and improves the embryo development. This beneficial effect may be due to the direct cell-cell contact between embryo and helper cells or the removal of deleterious components from medium rather than the embryotrophic factors.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

Purpose: This study determined if anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)/superior extensor ankle retinaculum (SEAR) thicknesses are related to dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Materials and Methods: The subjects were 14 males and 15 females (age=24.52±3.46 years). Ankle instability was assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) with a cut off score of 25 to define two groups. SonoSite MTurbo (Fugifilm Sonosite, Inc.) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) unit was used to assess ATFL and SEAR thicknesses. Dynamic balance was measured with the Y Balance Test (YBT) and two NeuroCom balance tests. Results: There were no significant differences in the average ATFL thickness between stable and unstable ankles in those subjects with CAI (0.25±0.03 cm and 0.21±0.05 cm, respectively) or in the SEAR thickness (0.09±0.04 cm and 0.10±0.03 cm, respectively). There were also no significant differences in the right and left ATFL thicknesses (0.23±0.07 cm and 0.21±0.04 cm, respectively) or the SEAR thicknesses (0.09±0.01 cm and 0.09±0.01 cm, respectively) in those without CAI. There were no differences between limbs in composite scores on YBT in those with CAI (p=0.35) and those without CAI (p=0.33). There was a moderate correlation between the left SEAR thickness and the large forward/backward perturbations on the NeuroCom (Natus) motor control test (r=0.51, p=0.006 and r=0.54, p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion: There were no differences in the ATFL/SEAR thicknesses or balance measures between or within the groups, likely because CAI is multi-factorial and related to mechanisms other than tissue changes alone. More sensitive technology and a better definition of the measurement process may provide more definitive results.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the recurrence rate after performing hallux valgus correction using scarf and Akin osteotomy, and also identified the correlation and cut-off values of both the preoperative and postoperative radiographic parameters as risk factors for the recurrence of hallux valgus. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 87 hallux valgus patients (122 feet) who received scarf and Akin osteotomy from January 2007 to August 2015. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores. The radiological outcome measures included the hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) as determined on the serial weight bearing radiographs. Recurrence was defined as more than 20 degrees of HVA noted on the final follow-up radiograph. Those radiological factors associated with recurrence were evaluated and analyzed. Results: The mean follow-up duration was 20.6 months (12.0~46.5 months) and the mean age was 44 years (13~80 years). The VAS and AOFAS scores were significantly improved at the time of the final follow-up (7.0 to 2.0, p<0.001; 78.0 to 92.0, p<0.001; respectively). Significant corrections in the HVA, IMA, and DMAA were obtained (p<0.001). Eleven (9.0%: 11/122) cases experienced recurrent hallux valgus deformity. The postoperative IMA, DMAA and HVA showed significant moderate to strong correlation with HVA at the final follow-up (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.44, 0.70, and 0.88, respectively; p<0.001). Postoperative HVA>16.7 degrees, postoperative DMAA>13.9 degrees, and postoperative IMA>8.2 degrees showed statistically significant correlation with radiological recurrence at the last follow-up, and the odds ratio of each variable was high in order. Conclusion: Our radiographic results indicated that postoperative HVA>16.7 degrees, postoperative DMAA>13.9 degrees, and postoperative IMA>8.2 degrees can be risk factors for hallux valgus recurrence. These risk factors may be helpful for modifying surgical procedures and preventing the recurrence of hallux valgus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.757-767
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• 1999

Background: Diagnosis by smear and/or cultures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis from body fluid or biopsy specimen is "Gold standard". However the sensitivity of the direct microscopy is relatively low and culture of mycobacteria is time consuming. Despite an explosion in the techniques of rapid identification of mycobacteria by molecular genetic means, it is laborious and expensive and then rapid, inexpensive serodiagnosis is interested in diagnosis of tuberculosis. But sensitivity and specificity of known serologic antigen is not full sufficient level and then new antigen develop and combination cocktails of new developed antigens by ELISA are needed. Method: To compare the efficacy of different mycobacterial specific antigen and to assess the applicability of the combination of several different antigens in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, five ELISA tests derived 14KDa, 16KDa, 19KDa, 23KDa, 38KDa were evaluated in 57 active pulmonary patient and 24 inactive post-therapy follow up patient and 48 normal control. Results: The optical densities of ELISA test with 14KDa, 16KDa, 19KDa, 23KDa, 38KDa were significantly higher in active tuberculosis cases than in normal control(P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.027, P<0.001, P<0.001) and those with 16KDa, 38KDa were significant higher in active tuberculosis cases than in inactive post-therapy follow up cases(P<0.01. P<0.001) and those of 14KDa, 16KDa, 23KDa, 38KDa were significant higher in inactive post-therapy follow up cases than in normal control(P<0.008. P<0.01. P<0.006. P<0.001). The sensitivity of 14KDa, 16KDa, 19KDa, 23KDa, 38KDa in active pulmonary patient cases was 42.1%, 43.9%, 15.8%, 28.0%, 70.2%, respectively and the specificity of 14KDa, 16KDa, 19KDa, 23KDa, 38KDa in active pulmonary patient cases was 95.8%, 95.8%, 91.7%, 89.6%, 93.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of combination 38KDa with 16KDa was 87% and 93.7%. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of new antigens for serodiagnosis of the tuberculosis still remains limited at around 70%, which makes its a poor diagnostic tool for disease confirmation. A combination of cocktail antigens provided by cut-off value adjustment for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis some improved diagnostic yield than single antigen serologic test.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.558-563
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• 2000

1960년대 최초로 Ruby 레이저의 개발 이래로, 치과용 드릴인 고속용 핸드피스를 대신해 치아 경조직 삭제에 레이저의 적용이 시도되어져 오고 있는데, 최근 Er:YAG레이저의 개발로 경조직 삭제시 이들의 삭제 효능과 치질의 온도상승에 관한 연구에 관심이 증대되었다. 과거 여러 종류의 레이저에 비해 2.94um Er:YAG 레이저는 파장의 특성이 치질의 수분과 하이드록시아파타이트에 매우 흡수율이 높아 치질내 수분이 고열에 의해 증기화되어 폭발하므로써 치질이 제거되므로 crack이나 탄화된 부위가 없이 와동 변연부가 명확하고 깨끗하며 효과적인 치질의 삭제가 가능하다. 삭제시 치질내 온도 상승이 레이저의 경조직 적용시 고려되는 중요한 문제점으로 대두되나 이는 물분사와 적적한 레이저 parameter의 사용으로 열 발생을 최소화하면 치수 손상이 발생하지 않는다고 보고 된다. 본증례는 치수에 근접하지 않은 우식 병소의 처치를 주소로 내원한 소아 환자들에 있어서 Er:YAG 레이저 적용시 기존의 고속용 삭제 기구에 비해 소음과 진동이 적어 소아 환자들의 치과 치료에 대한 공포감이나 동통을 최소로 하며 적절한 레이저 parameter와 물분사의 사용으로 치수에 대한 열자극이나 치질의 변색과 같은 임상적인 문제를 초래하지 않고 효과적으로 우식 병소의 제거 및 와동 형성을 시행할 수 있었다.