• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1304-1312
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• 2013

The effects of storage period and aerobic deterioration on the bacterial community were examined in Italian ryegrass (IR), guinea grass (GG), and whole-crop maize (WM) silages. Direct-cut forages were stored in a laboratory silo for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 120 d without any additives; live counts, content of fermentation products, and characteristics of the bacterial community were determined. 2,3-Butanediol, acetic acid, and lactic acid were the dominant fermentation products in the IR, GG, and WM silages, respectively. The acetic acid content increased as a result of prolonged ensiling, regardless of the type of silage crop, and the changes were distinctively visible from the beginning of GG ensiling. Pantoea agglomerans, Rahnella aquatilis, and Enterobacter sp. were the major bacteria in the IR silage, indicating that alcoholic fermentation may be due to the activity of enterobacteria. Staphylococcus sciuri and Bacillus pumilus were detected when IR silage was spoiled, whereas between aerobically stable and unstable silages, no differences were seen in the bacterial community at silo opening. Lactococcus lactis was a representative bacterium, although acetic acid was the major fermentation product in the GG silage. Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, and Morganella morganii were suggested to be associated with the increase in acetic acid due to prolonged storage. Enterobacter cloacae appeared when the GG silage was spoiled. In the WM silage, no distinctive changes due to prolonged ensiling were seen in the bacterial community. Throughout the ensiling, Weissella paramesenteroides, Weissella confusa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were present in addition to L. plantarum, L. brevis, and L. lactis. Upon deterioration, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Klebsiella variicola, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Bacillus gibsonii were detected. These results demonstrate the diverse bacterial community that evolves during ensiling and aerobic spoilage of IR, GG, and WM silages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2012

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 가을철 수확관리가 이듬 해 생육과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 시험 1은 경기 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서 2010년 10월 28일 수확 시 예취높이를 3 cm, 15 cm, 25 cm, 무예취구 등 4처리를 두고 2011년 10월 7일에 수확하였으며, 시험 2는 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서 2010년 10월13일 예취높이를 10 cm, 20 cm, 무예취구 등 3처리를 두고 2011년 7월 7일에 1차, 10월 7일에 2차 수확을 실시하였다(시험 1). 이듬 해 수확한 갈대의 건물수량은 무예취구에서 ha당 3,092 kg으로 예취구에 비해 많은 경향이었으나, 가소화 건물수량은 무예취구에서 1,236 kg으로 15 cm 예취구(1,234 kg)와 25 cm구(1,241 kg)와 같은 수준이었고, 3 cm구의 수량은 가장 낮은 경향이었다. 무예취구의 건물 소화율과 RFV는 각각 39.98%와 65.3으로 예취구의 건물소화율 42.36~46.40%, RFV 67.8~72.5에 비해 낮았으며 조사료(건초) 등급은 5등급(불량)이었다. 건물률은 무예취구가 50.67%로 예취구(45.31~47.60%)에 비해 높았다(시험 2). 이듬해 1차 건물수량은 무예취구에서 ha당 10,441 kg으로 예취구에 비해 많은 경향이었으나 가소화 건물수량은 예취높이 20 cm구에서 3,885 kg으로 무예취구(3,693 kg)와 유의적 차이 없이 많았으며, 10 cm구의 수량은 가장 적은 경향이었다. 사료가치는 예취구에서 양호하여 20 cm 구에서 건물 소화율과 RFV는 각각 43.23%와 64.1로 높았다(p<0.05). 조사료(건초) 등급은 예취구는 5등급(불량), 무예취구는 6등급(부적합)이었다. 재생 갈대의 수량과 사료가치는 처리 간 차이 없이 조사료(건초) 등급은 4등급(다소 불량)이었다. 연간 건물수량과 조단백질 수량은 무예취구에서 많았으나, 가소화 건물수량은 20 cm구에서 ha당 5,354 kg로 무예취구(5,178 kg)와 차이가 없었으며, 10 cm구(4,531 kg)는 가장 적었다. 1차 건물수량은 연간 수량의 75%, 조단백질 수량은 72%, 가소화 건물수량은 69%로 대부분을 차지하며, 재생 수량의 비율은 낮았다. 결론적으로, 수확기에 있는 갈대는 가을철이라도 한 번 수확해 주는 것이 사료화 이용과 함께 이듬 해 생육에 유리하였으며, 수확 시 예취높이는 15~20 cm가 권장되었고, 장기적으로 갈대 자원의 안정된 생산성을 유지하기 위해서는 연 1회 수확이 바람직하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1140-1150
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• 2009

Forage diets provide good quality carcasses in sheep but very little is known in tropical goats. An experiment was designed with Creole male goats using grass-based systems to assess carcass yield, scores, cuts and composition. After weaning (84 d, 9.2 kg LW) two modes of forage feeding were compared with two replicates of each. Feeding groups were: PF for animals reared at pasture (n = 62) and IF when reared indoors (n = 60). Given that forage finishing will result in low ADG it appeared necessary to study different fattening lengths. The kids were equally divided into 4 groups: group A (n = 32), 4mo after weaning; group B (n = 32), 4mo after A; group C (n = 30), 3mo after B and group D (n = 28), 2mo after C. The animals grazed (in two sub-flocks) on irrigated tropical pastures managed in a rotational system (28 d of re-growth) at a mean stocking rate of 1,200 kg/ha/yr LW. The IF groups were reared in collective pens on a slatted floor (2 replicates of 7 or 8 kids each). They were fed the same stand of tropical grass (25% DM, 12% CP) as that of pasture that was cut daily and provided ad libitum. The ADG (-10%), the weights of omental fat (-60%) and fat in shoulder (-18%), the ultimate pH of carcass (-12%), the meat colour score (-24%), the ""parameter accounting for redness (12%) and the DM and lipid contents (-4%) were significantly lower (p<0.05) in PF than in IF, while the liver was heavier (+23%, p<0.05). Feeding conditions seemed to be similar, thus, differences could be related to gastrointestinal parasitism in the PF system and hypotheses are discussed. Increasing the fattening duration, resulted in significant difference (p<0.01) in many traits: the weights at slaughter and of carcass increased by 40% and 60% from groups A to D and consequently the weights of body compartments and carcass cuts (1.5 to 2.0 fold more). When the results were presented as percentage of empty body weight and carcass weight, these preliminary results (carcass weight 9kg and yield 53%, muscle proportion 70%) and qualitative parameters (low fat score 2/5, fat proportion 5%), seem to be a good incentive for the sector to develop a niche market to meet consumer lean meat expectations. The indoors system could be implemented where there was low availability of grazing areas or problems of dog attacks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.551-560
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• 2014

Twenty-four male 1-year old swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were randomly allocated to 4 groups. One group grazed on guinea grass (GG) and another on guinea grass and the legume Stylosanthes guianensis (GL). The other two groups were kept in pens and fed freshly cut guinea grass and concentrate at an amount of 1.5% (GC1.5) and 2.0% (GC2.0) of body weight, respectively. The effect of the different feeding intensities on carcass characteristics and meat quality were assessed. The mean body weight at slaughter was 398 (${\pm}16$) kg. Average daily gain was higher in concentrate-supplemented groups (570 and 540 g/d in GC1.5 and GC2.0, respectively) when compared to GG (316 g/d) and GL (354 g/d) (p<0.01). Likewise, the warm carcass weight was higher in GC1.5 and GC2.0 compared to GG and GL. Dressing percentage was 48.1% and 49.5% in GC1.5 and GC2.0 in comparison to 42.9% and 44.8% observed in GG and GL, respectively. Meat of Longissimus throracis from GC1.5 and GC2.0 was redder in color (p<0.01), while water holding capacity (drip and thawing loss) was improved in pasture-fed groups (p<0.05). Protein and fat content of Longissimus thoracis was higher in animals supplemented with concentrate (p<0.01), as was cholesterol content (p<0.05), whereas PUFA:SFA ratio was higher and n-6/n-3 ratio lower (p<0.01) in pasture-fed buffaloes. Results of the present study showed that the supplementation of pasture with concentrate enhances the growth and carcass characteristics of swamp buffaloes expressed in superior dressing percentage, better muscling, and redder meat with a higher content of protein and fat, whereas animals grazing only on pasture had a more favorable fatty acid profile and water holding capacity. In conclusion, the supplementation of concentrate at a rate of about 1.5% of body weight is recommended to improve the performance and carcass quality of buffaloes.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.539-547
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity, spore density and root colonization in relation to site ages at expressway cut-slopes in Korea. Stabilization of exposed surface involved soil amendments and spraying seed mixture of turf grasses and/or nitrogen-fixing shrub species. Eighteen sites were selected with varying ages (2 to 16 years). Soil samples collected in October from each site were analyzed for fungal diversity and spore counts. Fine root samples from the plants were assayed for fungal colonization. Of the total 37 plants inspected in the sites, 26 species had endomycorrhizal colonization with an average root colonization rate of 18%, and with a range from 1 to 67%. The average endomycorrhizal colonization rate of initially introduced Festuca arundinacea which became the most dominant grass in later stage showed 22.8%, while that of Lespedeza bicolor which became the most dominant woody species were 21.6%. Naturally-invading Robinia pseudoacacia showed higher colonization rate in the old sites. Although site age did not show significant effects on fungal diversity, the root colonization rates of initially introduced plants decreased with the site aging, while those of invading plants increased with aging of the sites. The soil chemical properties, pH, N, and P contents, were negatively correlated with spore density, root colonization and endomycorrhizal species diversity. A total of forty arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species in seven genera were identified. Of the 40 species, Acaulospora lacunosa, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus constrictum, Scutellospora erythropa, and Acaulospora spinosa were the five most dominant species in the decreasing order.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 1992

본 시험은 장마후 예취시에 많은 그루터기의 고사가 일어나 초지가 황폐화하는 원인을 구명하기 위하여 장마기간에 목초의 생육에 불리하게 작용할 수 있는 요인인 그루터기내 저장탄수화물 함량의 변화- 토양중의 수분함량 및 온도 초지내의 온도, 습도 빛 광도와 같은 미기 상을 장마기간동안에 조사하였다. 조사는 1984년 6월부터 7월사이에 실시되었으며 얻어진 결과는 다음과 갇다. l 목초의 저장탄수화물 함량은 장마전 예취시 예취후 3일째에 약 2.9%로 떨어졌으나 점차 회복되어 장마가 끝난 후에는 10% 이상으로 증가하였으며 장마후 예취구의 경우 장마중에는 약 5.5 %의 낮은 수준을 유지하였으나 예취후 3일째의 함량은 3%로 장마전 예취구와 비슷한 수준이였다. 2 유효토양수분함량은 배수처리구가 약간낮았고 장마전 예취구가 장마후 예취구보다 약간 높았으나 장마후 예취를 한 후에는 장마전 예취구에서 함량이 낮았다. 3 초지의 지중 10cm에서의 오전 10시 온도는 장마전 예취구가 장마후 예취구보다 높았다. 4 초지 지표면의 일 최고온도는 장마전 예취구가 장마후 예취구에 비해 높았으며 변이도 컸다. 5. 초지내 지상 3cm에서의 상대습도의 변화는 장마전 예취구에셔는 강우중을 제외하고는 70% 이하였으며 장마후 예취구는 75-90 %의 높은 습도 를 기록하였다. 6 초지 지표면의 상대조도는 장마전 예취구가 50-90 %, 장마후 예취구가 10% 미만으로 장마전 예취구가 높았다. 7. 본 시험 결과 오차드그라스 채초지의 여름철 그루터기 고사는 초지내의 상대습도의 증가와 입사 광량의 감소로 인한 식물병의 발생과 관계되는 것으로 생각된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.264-272
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• 2017

Objectives: Literature has shown that micro-organisms contaminate gutta percha (GP) during storage and manipulation. Till date herbal extracts are not explored as an alternative medicament for pre-operative chairside disinfection of GP cones. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of lemon grass oil (LG), basil oil (BO), and obicure tea extract (OT) in disinfecting GP cones before obturation. Materials and Methods: Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of LG, BO, OT, and sodium hypochlorite (control) against common contaminants, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. One hundred and twenty GP cones were contaminated and cut into 2. First half was placed in the broth and incubated; whereas the second was treated with herbal extracts for 1 minute and then incubated for 24 hours in the broth. Any inhibition in bacterial growth was noted with presence/absence of turbidity. Two-way analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$ test were used to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts to decontaminate GP. Results: LG showed the highest inhibition zones ($29.9{\pm}6.9mm$) for all tested organisms, followed by OT extract ($16.3{\pm}1.8mm$), sodium hypochlorite ($16.0{\pm}1.6mm$), and BO ($14.5{\pm}5.3mm$). Statistically significant difference was observed between LG and other herbal extracts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All extracts proved to be potential rapid chairside disinfectants of GP cones with LG showing the highest antimicrobial activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.226-235
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• 2000

A survey on feeding practices was conducted with thirty-one cattle farmers belonging to three categories: households without land and no income from agricultural labour (Class 100;10 farms), households without land but deriving considerable income from agricultural labour (Class 101;10 farms), and households with land and without income from agricultural labour (Class 110;11 farms). Information on the types of feeds given of one year. In addition, samples of the feeds offered and refused were collected every two weeks and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Grass was usually cut at an early stage of growth, as such the CP(11.8%) and OMD (62%) were relatively high. All types of rice straw (whole, lower and upper part) and sugarcane forage (tops and leaves) were low in CP (<6 and <8.9%, respectively) and OMD (<45 and <47%, respectively). Rice bran and tofu waste was of much better quality than any other feed. The average number of different feeds in the rations (mean of all farms) was 1.98, with a lower value for class 101 (1.80), than for classes 100 and 110 (2.11 and 2.02, respectively). Of the total amount of OM consumed, 42% was rice straw, 21% grass, 19% maize forage, 10% sugarcane forage, <4% other forages (soya and groundnut straw), 1.3% rice bran and 2.9% tofu waste. The total amount of OM offered varied from <80 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$ in August/September to 1.5 times as much in May (P<0.01). The intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) for farm class 110 ($37.7g/kg^{0.75}/d$) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that for classes 100 and 101 (44.1 and $41.3g/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). The highest CP/IDOM ratio was recorded for farm class 101 (0.201 as compared to 0.181-0.184).

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 1987

Glyphosate의 수종(數種) 제초제간(除草劑間)의 혼용(混用)에 따른 상호작용(相互作用)을 검토(檢討)할 목적(目的)으로 겨풀에 대한 경엽처리효과(莖葉處理效果)와 피를 위시한 기타 잡초종(雜草種)에 대한 발생전처리효과(發生前處理效果)를 동시에 평가(評價)하였다. 폿트를 이용하여 plastic house에서 수행(遂行)되었으며, 주요(主要) 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)할 수 있다. 1. 약제처리후(藥劑處理後)의 경시적(經時的)인 달관평가(達觀評價)에 의하면, glyphosate에 oxyfluorfen을 혼용(混用)함으로써 겨풀의 살초속도(殺草速度)와 살초효과(殺草效果)가 모두 향상(向上)되었으나 alachlor, simazine, gluphosinate 또는 quizalofop-ethyl의 혼용(混用)으로는 약효발현(藥效發現)이 지연되었고, paraquat 혼용(混用)으로는 효과(效果)가 빨랐던 반면(反面) 약효(藥效)는 떨어지는 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 처리후(處理後) 30일(日)에의 겨풀 생체중(生體重)으로 보아, 공시약제(供試藥劑) 각각의 고약량(高藥量) 수준(水準)(실용(實用)의 1/2) 혼용(混用)에서는 alachlor 또는 paraquat 이외의 모든 조합(組合)에 서 glyphosate 단제(單劑) 보다 비등(比等) 이상(以上)의 살초력(殺草力)을 나타내었다. 3. Glyphosate에 대한 공시(供試) 약제(藥劑)의 어떤 조합(組合) 혼용(混用)에서도 synergism은 인정(認定)되지 않았고, 오히려 저약량수준(低藥量水準)의 simazme이나 paraquat 혼용(混用)에서는 유의적(有意的)인 길항작용(拮抗作用)이 인정(認定)되었다. 4. 피 및 기타 초종(草種)에 대한 토양잔류성(土壤殘留性) 제초효과(除草效果)는 glyphosate와의 혼용(混用) 여부(與否)에 관계없이 oxyfluorfen, alachlor, simazine 및 일부 quizalofop-ethyl이 처리(處理)된 곳에서 인정(認定)이 되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1233-1242
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• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.