• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.284-303
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this research paper is to examine, from an ethnological viewpoint, the traditional practice of using sacrificial game and domestic livestock as is often seen at communal rites in Korea. This paper also examine how the more convenient use of livestock sacrifice developed from that in which wild game were once offered, and how this change in the type of animals used affected the significance of the sacrifice. It also looks at how the use of animal sacrifice for ceremonies eventually influenced the practice of meat consumption on the part of the participants in their daily life, and how it contributed to the eventual establishment and development of livestock breeding for the purpose of meat consumption. The practice of catching wild game in the mountains for sacrificial purposes eventually gave way to the use of pasturage cattle, but it should be understood that these domesticated livestock were raised primarily for ceremonial rather than meat consumption purpose. When used for sacrifice, these cattle were not castrated, as is normally done when they are slaughtered for meat consumption, but it should not be assumed that this was done for purposes of simplification. In addition, not only rice farmers but also when enterpreneurs set up a new enterprise, animal sacrifice was viewed not only as a form of on-site purification of evil, but also served the dual purpose of enhancing their business through the traditional custom of serving meat to those invited guests in attendance. In the large-scale village communal rite of Hwaghae Province located in the northwestern part of Korea, animal sacrifice was carried out in the ritual for the Mountain God in a highly dramatic style, and suggests that it originated with the agrarian rites of the "fire-field" farmers of East Asia, which were utilized to foretell whether the coming year would be one of abundance or famine, and to the royal ceremony held on the 3rd day of the 3rd month of the lunar calendar, as well as that held for the God of the Mountains and Streams. The dramatic-style hunting rite, included in the large-scale communal ritual of Hwanghae Province mentioned previously, as well as in the Ritual of the Cow from Pyungsan, also located in Hwanghae Province, in which wild game were used as sacrifice, is significant in that it points up the changes that have occurred in ceremonial animal sacrifice. However, more research on ritualistic animal sacrifice is still called for in rites for good farming, fishing, and the variety of others that are held throughout Korea.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.3-11
• /
• 2019

The construction of a facility is an act whereby infrastructure such as roads and railways and other facilities such as housing and office spaces are constructed, and due to the characteristics of the relevant industry where such construction is carried out in a custom order method, it requires a long period of time mostly. While the construction is carried out over a long period of time, fluctuations in the price of raw materials required for the construction occur. Therefore, the cost of the construction also fluctuates inevitably. The fluctuation of the construction cost meshes closely with the profit of a constructor and the efficiency of government spending. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the construction cost at a reasonable level by adjusting the construction cost rationally in order to secure the required construction quality and spend the budget efficiently. The buffer system for solving such problem is the contract amount adjustment system by fluctuations in prices (Escalation/De-Escalation). In this study, the method combining the escalation method based on the item adjustment method was suggested for an efficient contract amount adjustment method. In addition, it is proposed that there be an investigation and codification of matters not applied to government acts and regulations on contracts related to the adjustment of fluctuations in prices legally.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.62 no.4
• /
• pp.376-381
• /
• 2019

Objective : To define optimal method that calculate the safe direction of cervical pedicle screw placement using computed tomography (CT) image based three dimensional (3D) cortical shell model of human cervical spine. Methods : Cortical shell model of cervical spine from C3 to C6 was made after segmentation of in vivo CT image data of 44 volunteers. Three dimensional Cartesian coordinate of all points constituting surface of whole vertebra, bilateral pedicle and posterior wall were acquired. The ideal trajectory of pedicle screw insertion was defined as viewing direction at which the inner area of pedicle become largest when we see through the biconcave tubular pedicle. The ideal trajectory of 352 pedicles (eight pedicles for each of 44 subjects) were calculated using custom made program and were changed from global coordinate to local coordinate according to the three dimensional position of posterior wall of each vertebral body. The transverse and sagittal angle of trajectory were defined as the angle between ideal trajectory line and perpendicular line of posterior wall in the horizontal and sagittal plane. The averages and standard deviations of all measurements were calculated. Results : The average transverse angles were $50.60^{\circ}{\pm}6.22^{\circ}$ at C3, $51.42^{\circ}{\pm}7.44^{\circ}$ at C4, $47.79^{\circ}{\pm}7.61^{\circ}$ at C5, and $41.24^{\circ}{\pm}7.76^{\circ}$ at C6. The transverse angle becomes more steep from C3 to C6. The mean sagittal angles were $9.72^{\circ}{\pm}6.73^{\circ}$ downward at C3, $5.09^{\circ}{\pm}6.39^{\circ}$ downward at C4, $0.08^{\circ}{\pm}6.06^{\circ}$ downward at C5, and $1.67^{\circ}{\pm}6.06^{\circ}$ upward at C6. The sagittal angle changes from caudad to cephalad from C3 to C6. Conclusion : The absolute values of transverse and sagittal angle in our study were not same but the trend of changes were similar to previous studies. Because we know 3D address of all points constituting cortical shell of cervical vertebrae. we can easily reconstruct 3D model and manage it freely using computer program. More creative measurement of morphological characteristics could be carried out than direct inspection of raw bone. Furthermore this concept of measurement could be used for the computing program of automated robotic screw insertion.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.36 no.6_3
• /
• pp.1733-1741
• /
• 2020

This study analyzed the effect of meteorological factors on the concentration of PM10 (particulate matter 10) in the atmosphere and the variation of rainwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere was continuously measured during eleven precipitation events with a custom-built PM sensor node. A total of 183 rainwater samples were analyzed for pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and water-soluble cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-). The data has been analyzed using two multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis, PCA, and Pearson correlation analysis) to identify relationships among PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere, meteorological factors, and rainwater quality factors. When the rainfall intensity was relatively strong (> 5 mm/h, rainfall type 1), the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere showed a negative correlation (r = -0.55, p < 0.05) with cumulative rainfall. The PM10 concentration increased the concentration of water-soluble ions (r = 0.25) and EC (r = 0.4), and decreased the pH (r = -0.7) of rainwater samples. However, for rainfall type 2 (< 5 mm/h), there was no negative correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and cumulative rainfall and no statistically significant correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and rainwater quality.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2022

1950-meter-tall goddess is Seolmundae Grandmother with the head of the 1950m Hallasan Mountain Baengnokdam and the body of the mountain ridgeline. Seolmundae Grandmother in Jeju is a folk belief that has been passed down from generation to generation in Jeju. Unlike inland, Seolmundae Grandmother, which had femininity in the customs of Jeju, which was a matrilineal society, developed into an absolute faith in Jeju, metaphorizing that in some way it was inevitable. Seolmundae Grandmother was the only subject that could mentally solve the biggest problem for Jeju residents, even if they were disconnected from the mainland. In other words, Seolmundae Grandmother was unable to make underwear for Seolmundae Grandmother because it was short of 100 bottles of silk, the god of Hallasan, a huge being and a physical symbol. Therefore, Semyungju Grandmother gave up the bridge connecting the mainland and Jeju. In this paper, focusing on the fact that Mt. Halla, covered with snow in winter, is like a skein of silk thread that we usually use in our daily lives, the etymology of Seolmundae has been changed to Saengmyeongju, - Semyungju, which is a skein of fine silk. As a basis for this, there is a custom of tying a thread of silk in 'Semyungju', a shrine to Semyeongju in Halmangdang, 'Hanmosal' along the coast of Pyoseon-myeon. The silk thread is the core of the Packing DNA gene. The summit of Mt. Halla, Ninety-Nine Valleys, and five hundred generals, found in Seolmundae Grandmother or White Silk, expressed the symbols of Jeju. The Packing DNA gene was found to originate in the Jeongnang

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.251-284
• /
• 2010

Through specific cases, this article examines the causes and measures to overcome cultural divergences most frequently encountered by Koreans living in Vietnam and Korean-contacting Vietnamese in terms of mode of communication, mode of living and mode of doing business. Historical reality proves that Vietnam and Korea have a lot in common in history, culture and society, due to the influence from the Chinese culture on both countries. However, each country has its own acculturation, hence, there exist, apart from the normal dissimilarities, differences between the two countries especially in natural environment andpolitical systems. As a result, in Vietnam, Koreans and Vietnamese have met with quite a lot of divergences in communication, business and living activities. In order to overcome these cultural divergences, in addition to the ceaseless efforts made by Koreans in Vietnam and Korean-contacting Vietnamese, there should be concern, assistance as well as cooperation between the people and the authorities of the two countries. We should draw lessons from the groundless or trivial affairs which, springing from the Chinese people's dislike for Koreans, have been blown up and disseminated on the internet; where by we are to reconsider the relationship between Koreans and Vietnamese. What is more, Korea still feels historically ashamed to have sent nearly 350,000 soldiers to the wa rin Vietnam for economic purposes in the past. As our predecessors brought about that historic shame to get bread for our fatherland in exchange, our generation today should approach Vietnam out of a sense of responsibility towards history. Having experienced a period of economic difficulties, Vietnam innovated and started its open-door policy in 1987. However, this event should not be regarded as the reason for us to approach Vietnam with only one rigid economic principle.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.26
• /
• pp.215-253
• /
• 2016

In 2007, according to the records, I made an on-the-spot survey of the place where Doju Cho Jeongsan and his family might have lived in exile in Manchuria and released a paper in which I decided that the site could be the Shuidongchun (village) of Luotongshanzhen in Liuhexian, Jilin Province. Thereafter, sponsored by the Doju Cho Jeongsan's Memorial Project from 2008 to 2013, many times, I carried out the field investigations and researches on Liuhexian, including the visits of the institutions which have the historical documents, in order to find the data related to the participation of him and his family in the anti-Japanese movement. I was, hence, able to reconfirm that the village had been the place of their exile, based on my collected data and the oral reports which the local historians and ethnic Korean elders had provided. In this study, using the historical documents and maps and the oral materials, I made an attempt to prove the historical truth thoroughly once again. First, the existing sources of Doju Cho and his family's settling in Manchuria from March 1909 to 1917, were carefully analyzed which were described in The Jin-gyeong. In doing so, the misspelling of the names and the spatio-temporal errors of the people's activities were corrected. Next, I researched on another town, Shuitungou of Liuhexian in Fengtian Province (in West Gando of Manchuria), which it is known that Doju and his family stayed in, and the Laogushan (mountain), which it is believed that Doju cultivated himself in. Finally, through the attempt, I reached the conclusion that Doju and his family had settled at Shuidongchun (once called Shuidonggou or Shuitongchun) of Luotongshanzhen (once called Datonggou) in Liuhexian, Jilin Province. In the Liuhexian-related documents and maps published in the eras of Republican China and Manchuria, the place name called Shuitungou was not found. However, I discovered a map in the era of Republican China on which Shuitongchun was recorded as Shuidonggou. In addition, considering the administration system of Republic China, tun(屯) and gou(溝) could not be used together in the place names. Accordingly, Shuitungou was more likely misspelled as Korean people in those days mispronounced Shuidonggou. Furthermore, people in China has habitually called the Dagushan(大孤山), located in the north of Gushanzizhen of Liuhexian, as the Laogushan(老孤山). This means that the Korean people who lived in the area then perhaps recorded the mountain as the Nogosan(老姑山), the mountain of the old goddess, according to Korean enunciation, because they had the custom of worshipping the mountain goddess. I tried my best to find the historical documents regarding Doju and his family's anti-Japanese activities to prove the location of exile in which they settled in northeastern China (Manchuria). However, I was not able to reach the initial goal completely due to the shortage of objective evidences, only to leave tasks to be solved. I hope that this study can give a little help to researchers who are interested in this matter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.42-57
• /
• 2022

This study aims to create a basic model for classifying the activity photos that urban park users shared on social media using Deep Learning through Artificial Intelligence. Regarding the social media data, photos related to urban parks were collected through a Naver search, were collected, and used for the classification model. Based on the indicators of Naturalness, Potential Attraction, and Activity, which can be used to evaluate the characteristics of urban parks, 21 classification categories were created. Urban park photos shared on Naver were collected by category, and annotated datasets were created. A custom CNN model and a transfer learning model utilizing a CNN pre-trained on the collected photo datasets were designed and subsequently analyzed. As a result of the study, the Xception transfer learning model, which demonstrated the best performance, was selected as the urban park user activity image classification model and evaluated through several evaluation indicators. This study is meaningful in that it has built AI as an index that can evaluate the characteristics of urban parks by using user-shared photos on social media. The classification model using Deep Learning mitigates the limitations of manual classification, and it can efficiently classify large amounts of urban park photos. So, it can be said to be a useful method that can be used for the monitoring and management of city parks in the future.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.73-82
• /
• 2022

Auto-scaling is one of the most important functions for cloud computing technology. Even if the number of users or service requests is explosively increased or decreased, system resources and service instances can be appropriately expanded or reduced to provide services suitable for the situation and it can improves stability and cost-effectiveness. However, since the policy is performed based on a single metric data at the time of monitoring a specific system resource, there is a problem that the service is already affected or the service instance that is actually needed cannot be managed in detail. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a method to predict system resource and service response time using a multivariate time series analysis model and establish an auto-scaling policy based on this. To verify this, implement it as a custom scheduler in the Kubernetes environment and compare it with the Kubernetes default auto-scaling method through experiments. The proposed method utilizes predictive data based on the impact between system resources and response time to preemptively execute auto-scaling for expected situations, thereby securing system stability and providing as much as necessary within the scope of not degrading service quality. It shows results that allow you to manage instances in detail.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.33-69
• /
• 2019

This thesis aims to reveal the meanings of SF as a genre in Korea. Most of the studies on the characteristics of SF novels in Korea have revealed the meanings of characteristic elements of SF, or peripherally reviewed the characteristics of works. However, these methodologies have a limitation, such as analysis through the existing methodologies, while overlooking the identity of SF texts with the characteristics as a genre. To clearly define the value of texts in the SF genre, an understanding of the customs and codes of the genre is first needed. Thus, this thesis aims to generally handle matters like the historical context in which Korean SF was accepted by Korean society, and the meanings and characteristics when they were created and built up relationships with readers. In addition to fully investigating SF as a popular narrative & genre narrative that has not been fully handled by academic discourses, this thesis aims to practically reconsider the present/future possibilities of SF, which is currently being reconsidered given that the scientific imagination is regarded as important in the 21^st century. This thesis considers the basic signification of Korean SF texts in academic discourses. Through this work, numerous Korean SF that have not been fully handled in the area of literature and cultural phenomena will be evaluated for their significance within the academic discourses, and also reviewed through diverse research afterwards. As a result, this work will be helpful for the development of discourse and the expansion of the Korean narrative area that has been diversely changed since the 21^st century.