• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.285-292
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• 1993

Cellular compatibility in the self-parasitism of Cuscuta australis R. Brown was studied at the ultrastructural level. The front cells of the haustorium penetrated the host stems independently grew within the host tissues and transformed into elongate, filamentous hyphae. Each hyphal cells contained a large nucleus and dense cytoplasm with abundant cell organelles. Multilamellar structures were contained in the cytoplasm and cell walls of the penetrating hyphal cells. When the hyphal cells did not yet invade the host cells, the middle lamella and the fused cellulosic cell walls of the two partners at the host-parasite interface were preserved well. As the invasion of the parasitic hyphal cells progressed, however, the middle lamella was not found at the interface and the host cell walls and plasma membranes were partially broken down. A hyphal cell penetrated deeply into the host cell had a more darkly stained cytoplasm with numerous of cell organelles. In the host cells attacked by the hyphal cells the limiting membranes of plastids were broken down and several vesicles were arrayed near the cell walls. No plasmodesmatal connections between the host and parasite cell walls were found; however, half-plasmodesmata were observed frequently on the side of the hyphal cell walls. These results suggested that the compatibility response in the self-parasitism of Cuscuta was expressed by cell walls, not by plasmodesmata, between the host and the parasite cells.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 1991

기주식물 (토끼풀, Trifolium repens L.)에 기생하는 실새삼(Cuscuta australis R. Brown)의 흡기내 목부의 개체발생 과정을 광학현미경으로 조사하였다. 흡기의 목부 분화를 암시하는 최초의 해부학적 특징이, 흡기 자체내에서가 아니라, 그 흡기가 형성되어 있는 실새삼 줄기에서 나타났다. 즉 실새삼 줄기의 중심주의 유관속 내부 및 유관속 사이에서 세포분열 활성이 관찰되었다. 이 분열로부터 유도된 세포들은 짙게 염색된 세포질과 뚜렷한 핵을 갖고 있었다. 흡기가 기주조직에 침입하여 생장함에 따라, 실새삼 줄기의 중심주에서 시작된 세포분열 활성은 유관속 사이를 거쳐서 흡기의 기부를 향하여 구정적으로 확장되었다. 이와 동시에, 실새삼 줄기의 목부에 인접해 있던, 짙은 세포질 밀도를 갖는 세포들이 목부요소로 분화하기 시작하였다. 결국, 이미 형성되었던 짙게 염색된 세포들을 따라서 흡기의 목부는 구정적으로 분화하였다. 실새삼 줄기의 중심주에서 일어나는 유조직 세포들의 분열활성 및 이로부터 흡기의 목부 분화를 구정적으로 유도할 수 있는 가능성에 대하여 논의하였다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effect of CJ(Cuscuta japonica Chois) on osteoclast differentiation and gene expression. Methods : The osteoclastogenesis and gene expression were determined in RANKL(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand)－stimulated RAW 264.7. The results were summarized as followes. Results : CJ decreased the number of TRAP positive cell in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. CJ decreased the expression of RANK(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B), $TNF{\alpha}$, and IL-6 in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. CJ decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. CJ decreased the expression of Cathepsin K in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Conclusions : It is concluded that CJ might decrease the bone resorption resulted from decrease of osteoclast differentiation and it's related gene expression.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.135-138
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• 2000

MeOH extract of Cuscuta chinensis seeds was fractionated with n-hexane, EtOAc and BuOH successively, and antioxidant activities were tested for all fractions using DPPH free radical scavenging method. In the tested fractions, EtOAc fraction showed high antioxidant activity$(EC_{50},\;50\;{\mu}g)$ From the EtOAc fraction, five compounds have been isolated. On the basis of spectral data, these compounds were identified as ${\beta}-sitosterol$, methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamate, ${\beta}-sitosterol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$, caffeic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and calycopteretin. Among these compounds, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and ${\beta}-sitosterol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ showed no antioxidant activity. $EC_{50}$ values of methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamate, caffeic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and calycopteretin were 0.6, 8, 19, 17 and $12\;{\mu}g$, respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.161-168
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• 1987

The elongated filamentous haustorial cells, hyphae, of Cuscuta australis R. Brown penetrated into the vascular tissues of the host plant Trifolium repens L. were studied by the light and electron microscopes. The hyphae reached the host xylem were invaded into the host vessels and then they grew within the host vessels. Finally these hyphae were differentiated into the water conducting elements, xylary hyphae, by thickening of the secondary walls. The hyphae reached the host phloem were branched at the apical regions. These hyphae possessed thin-layered cytoplasm involving the typical features of sieve elements such as the parallel arrays of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, plastids with the clusters of fine starch granules, and mitochondria with the dilated cristae. It was indicated that these hyphae were differentiated into the nutrients conducting elements, phloic hyphae. The structures described were compared with those of other parasitic plants and were discussed in view of the translocation of materials from host to parasite.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.124-126
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• 1999

A new natural product $stigmast-5-en-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ tetraacetate (1) along with known compounds $stigmast-5-en-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (2), stigmast-5-en-3-yl-cetate (3) and ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (4) have been isolated from the stems of Cuscuta reflexa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.261-270
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• 1985

The portion of Cuscuta japonica haustorium which lies external to the host tissues, the upper haustorium, was investigated at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. The haustorium lightly contacted with the host was formed by the expansion of the epidermis and cortex of the stem at the contact side, and to have a group of meristematic cells within the haustorial cortex. When such a haustorium was closely contacted with the host, the meristematic region transformed into a primordial structure of the endophyte (endophyte primordium, EP) which may penetrate into the host tissues. EP consisted of the three kinds of cell group: dividing cells at the adaxial or proximal side; large, elongate cells (idioblasts) at the middle portion,; compressed cells at the abaxial or basal side. the idioblasts were characterized by the presence of large nucleus, dense cytoplasm, several small vacuoles, and abundant cell organelles including the multilamellar structures and cytosegresomes, and thus suggested to have a high metabolic activity. The features of the EP were discussed in relation to the possibility of the penetrating into host tissues.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1991

기주식물 (토끼풀, Trifolium repens L.)의 유조직에 침입하여 생장하는 실새삼(Cuscuta australis R. Brown)의 흡기세포들의 미세구조를 조사하였다. 기주세포들과 직접 접촉되어 있는 흡기의 정면부위는 아직 분지되지 않은 선단세포들 및 이들로부터 분지하여 신장된 세포들(hyphae)로 구성되었다. 이 두 유형의 세포들은 전자밀도가 높은 세포질을 지니며, 또한 핵막이 심하게 만입된 커다란 핵을 갖는 특징을 보였다. 어떤 선단세포에서는 비후된 세포벽 물질이 기주세포벽의 중엽(middle lamellae)으로 침입하고, 파괴된 기주세포의 잔유물을 내포하는 양상을 보였다. 두 유형의 세포들은 원형질막과 세포벽이 안쪽으로 돌출하는 구조를 갖는데, 이는 기주세포들로부터 물질흡수를 촉진하기 위한 표면적의 증가현상으로 해석된다. 기주와 흡기세포의 세포벽사이를 통과하는 원형질연락사는 관찰되지 않았다. 두 식물세포의 경계면에서는 융합된 세포벽을 관찰할 수 있는데, 이 구조는 기주로부터 흡기로의 수분 및 영양물질의 수송 경로로써 작용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2012

Objectives: This study used the basic principle of Oriental medicine, the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論) to investigate the effects of the component of ONGABO, which is composed of Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae tuber on the viability of HepG2 cells. Methods: Single and mixed extracts of the component of ONGABO were prepared by lypohilizing powder of Red Ginseng (6-year root from Kanghwa), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen, Curcumae Tuber (from Omniherb Co., Ltd., Korea) at the laboratory of herbal medicine in Woosuk University and were eluted after being macerated with 100% ethanol for three days. The cell viability of HepG2 was determined by using an absorptiometric analysis with PrestoBlue (Invitrogen) reagent after the plate had been incubated for 48 hours. All of the experiments were repeated three times to obtain the average value and standard deviation. The statistical analysis was done and the correlation factor was obtained by using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Origin 6.0 software. Results: Although Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) and Schisandrae Fructus did not enhance the viability of HepG2 cells, they were shown to provide protection of those cells. On the other hand, Angelica Gigantis Radix decreased the viability of HepG2 cells significantly, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber had a small or no effect on the viability of HepG2 cells. Conclusions: In the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論), Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) corresponds to the sovereign component because it provides cell protection effects, Angelica Gigantis Radix corresponds to minister medicinal because it kills cells, Schisandrae Fructus corresponds to the assistant medicinal to help red ginseng having cell protect effects. Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber correspond to the courier medicinal having no effect in cell viability in HepG2. We hope this study provides motivation for advanced research on the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.49-60
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• 1986

Ultrastructures of the large and elongated cells (idioblasts) in the haustorium of a parasitic angiosperm, Cuscuta australis R. Brown growing on the host plant, Trifolium repens L. were investigated by the electron microscopy. The idioblasts were characterized by the presence of a large nucleus, small vacuoles, and dense cytoplasm including a number of various cell organelles such as ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum(r-ER), mitochondrion, dictyosome, proplastid, multilamellar structure(MLS), microfilament bundle(MFB), and cytosegresome. Therefore, it is suggested that the idioblasts are metabolical1y very active. Particularly, MLS, MFB, and cytosegresome observed in this study did not appear in the haustorial cells of the other parasitic angiosperms. MLS was transformed into vacuole and also incorporated with cell wall. MFB composed of microfilaments, about each 7.5 nm in diameter, was observed in nucleus and also cytoplasm. Some types of MFB were distinguished on the basis of arrangement of microfilaments. A part of cytoplasm sequestered by stacked cisternae of smooth ER(s-ER), cytosegresome, was altered into a vacuole which was formed by digestion of the sequestered cytoplasm and of cisternae of s-ER. Cell organelles such as MLS, MFB, and cytosegresome were discussed in relation to the metabolic control of the idioblasts.