• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.112-121
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• 2007

Grain filling is a crucial factor that determines grain yield in crops since it is the final process directly associated with crops' yield performance. Grain filling process can be characterized by the interaction of rate and duration of grain filling. This study was conducted, using 16 temperate japonica rice genotypes, with aims to (1) seek variations in grain filling duration and rate on area basis, (2) compare the contribution of grain filling duration and rate to grain yield, and (3) examine the influence of temperature and solar radiation for effective grain filling on grain yield in relation to grain filling duration and rate. Grain filling rate and duration exhibited highly significant variations in the ranges of $20.7{\sim}46.3\;g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}\;and\;11.2{\sim}35.5$ days, respectively, depending on rice genotypes. Grain yield on unit area basis was associated positively with grain filling duration but negatively with grain filling rate. Grain filling rate and duration were negatively correlated with each other. Final grain weight increased linearly with the rise in both cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling. Higher cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling were the results of longer grain filling duration, but not necessarily higher daily mean temperature and daily solar radiation for effective grain filling. Grain filling rate demonstrated an increasing tendency with the rise in daily mean temperature for effective grain filling but their relationship was not obviously clear. It was concluded that grain filling duration, which influenced cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling, was the main factor that determined grain yield on unit area basis in temperate Japonica rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.23-30
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• 2000

A calculation technique which estimates natural recharge was proposed and prepared with the existing techniques. And the necessity to obtain representative averages of 'specific yield' was discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.627-631
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of genetic differences in the bovine leptin gene and milk yield, reproduction, body condition score (BCS), and plasma glucose level in Iranian Holstein cows. In total, two hundred and thirty eight cows were used and genotyped for a restricted fragment length polymorphism at the leptin gene locus. Two genotypes, AA and AB, have been distinguished which have the frequencies of 0.89 and 0.11, respectively. The genotypes were distributed according to the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium ($x^2$ = 0.733). During the first 12 wk of lactation, milk yield and composition, live weight, BCS and plasma glucose were measured in 50 cows. Data were analyzed based on a repeated measures ANOVA. During this period, milk yield and composition, live weight, BCS and plasma glucose level were similar among the genotypes. The first cumulative 60-d milk yield, 305-d milk yield, days to first breeding, days open and days from first breeding to conception using previous lactation records were also analyzed using Standard Least Square within mixed models. Fixed effects were year, season, parity and age at calving, and sire. For the reproductive traits the cumulative first 60-d milk yield was also added to the model. Animal was fitted as a random effect. A significant association was detected between the RFLP-AB genotype and 305-d milk yield (p<0.05). The first 60-d cumulative milk yield was similar for the two genotypes (p = 0.21) and tended to be higher in the heterozygous cows. The heterozygous genotypes at the above mentioned locus had a trend to better reproductive performance than the homozygous. The results demonstrate that the RFLP B-allele can yield a higher 305-d milk production with a trend to better reproductive performance.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2005

Kusukawa and Ohta presented the $CS_{CQ-r}$ chart to monitor the process defect $rate{\lambda}$ in high-yield processes that is derived from the count of defects. The $CS_{CQ-r}$ chart is more sensitive to $monitor{\lambda}$ than the CQ (Cumulative Quantity) chart proposed by Chan et al.. As a more superior chart in high-yield processes, we propose a Synthetic chart that is the integration of the CQ_-r chart and the $CS_{CQ-r}$chart. The quality characteristic of both charts is the number of units y required to observe r $({\geq}2)$ defects. It is assumed that this quantity is an Erlang random variable from the property that the quality characteristic of the CQ chart follows the exponential distribution. In use of the proposed Synthetic chart, the process is initially judged as either in-control or out-of-control by using the $CS_{CQ-r}$chart. If the process was not judged as in-control by the $CS_{CQ-r}$chart, the process is successively judged by using the $CQ_{-r}$chart to confirm the judgment of the $CS_{CQ-r}$chart. Through comparisons of ARL (Average Run Length), the proposed Synthetic chart is more superior to monitor the process defect rate in high-yield processes to the stand-alone $CS_{CQ-r}$ chart.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.773-782
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• 2007

The statistical process control charts are very extensively used for monitoring of process mean, deviation, defect rate or reject rate. In this paper we consider a control chart to monitor the process reject rate in the high yield process, which is based on the observed cumulative probability of the number of items inspected until r defective items are observed. We first propose selection of the optimal value of r in the CPC-r charts, and also consider the usefulness of the chart in high yield process such as semiconductor or TFT-LCD manufacturing process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2017

The indica ${\times}$ japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars released in Japan since 1980 are high-yielding. However, occasionally in these cultivars their high yield potentials cannot be realized, particularly depending on climate conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify the reason for yield instability and the critical yield component factor causing lower grain yield in these high-yielding cultivars. Standard-yield japonica, high-yielding japonica-dominant, and indica-dominant cultivars were grown in western Japan. Rough grain yield (RY) in these high-yielding cultivars ranged from 450 to $980g\;m^{-2}$, and was positively correlated with potential grain yield (PRY). By fluctuations of solar radiation, RY changed with spikelet number (SNO), and SNO was correlated with cumulative radiation during the panicle formation period of 30 days before heading. Even if higher SNO was achieved under higher radiant conditions, RY was lower than PRY. The lower grain-filling in plants bearing higher SNO resulted from a lower filling percentage of spikelets (%F, RY/PRY), and %F was strongly correlated with spikelet fertility (%S) across all cultivars. %S was highly influenced by cumulative radiation per PRY during pollen development and establishment around heading. Inhibition of assimilation by leaf removal lowered %S. Conversely, stem thinning and removal of upper panicles around heading increased %S in spikelets of the lower part of the panicle in which sterility was higher. These results suggest that limitation of assimilate-supply due to low irradiance at the spikelet-formation and flowering stages restrains the potential of the high-yielding cultivars, depending on reduction of SNO and %S, respectively.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2005

Borror et al. discussed the EWMA(Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) chart to monitor the count of defects which follows the Poisson distribution, referred to the $EWMA_c$ chart, as an alternative Shewhart c chart. In the $EWMA_c$ chart, the Markov chain approach is used to calculate the ARL (Average Run Length). On the other hand, in order to monitor the process fraction defectives P in high-yield processes, Xie et al. presented the CCC(Cumulative Count of Conforming)-r chart of which quality characteristic is the cumulative count of conforming item inspected until observing $r({\geq}2)$ nonconforming items. Furthermore, Ohta and Kusukawa presented the $CS(Confirmation Sample)_{CCC-r}$ chart as an alternative of the CCC-r chart. As a more superior chart in high-yield processes, in this paper we present an $EWMA_{CCC-r}$ chart to detect more sensitively small or moderate shifts in P than the $CS_{CCC-r}$ chart. The proposed $EWMA_{CCC-r}$ chart can be constructed by applying the designing method of the $EWMA_C$ chart to the CCC-r chart. ANOS(Average Number of Observations to Signal) of the proposed chart is compared with that of the $CS_{CCC-r}$ chart through computer simulation. It is demonstrated from numerical examples that the performance of proposed chart is more superior to the $CS_{CCC-r}$ chart.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2012

Marine biomass is considered an important substrate for anaerobic digestion to recovery energy i.e. methane. Nevertheless, marine biomass has attracted little attention by researchers compared to terrestrial feedstock for anaerobic digestion. In this study, biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was used to evaluate generation of renewable energy from starfish. A cumulative biogas yield of $748{\pm}67mL\;g^{-1}VS^{-1}$ was obtained after 60 days of digestion. The cumulative methane yield of $486{\pm}28mL\;CH_4\;g^{-1}VS^{-1}$ was obtained after 60 days of digestion. The methane content of the biogas was approximately 70%. The calculated data applying the modified Gompertz equation for the cumulative $CH_4$ production showed good correlation with the experimental result obtained from this batch study. Since the result obtained from this study is comparable to results with other substrates, marine biomass can be co-digested with food waste or swine wastewater to produce $CH_4$ gas that will help to reduce the gap in global energy demand.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2015

We investigate the influence of spatial rainfall distribution on hillslope soil erosion through laboratory experiments. Two distinct spatial distributions are examined in this study, i.e., rainfall concentrated on central area versus upper area of hillslope. During the entire period of 8 hours for each experiment, direct runoff, subsurface flow, and sediment yield are measured at high temporal resolution (10 minutes). Compared to the case that rainfalll concentrated on central area, upstream concentrated rainfall results in lower peak of the sediment yield curve while greater cumulative sediment yield. Cumulative sediment yield increases over time linearly but its growth rate shows a sudden decrease at around 2 hours. This should be taken into consideration when temporal variability of sediment yield is estimated from observed total amount, and demonstrates the necessity of measuring sediment yield at high temporal resolution.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.168-172
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• 2016

The effect of different exposed length of M.9 rootstock on growth and yield was tested in the new apple cultivars. The 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream', and 'Hongguem' grafted on M.9 rootstock were planted in March 2010. The trees were planted in such a way that the exposed length of the rootstock to be 10, 20 and 30 cm. The result showed that as decreasing exposure length, TCA of 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream', and 'Hongguem' was increased between $3^{rd}$ and $6^{th}$ year after planting. The TCA of 20 cm and 30 cm exposure length showed respectively 70% and 60% in 'Seohong', 88% and 66% in 'Summer Dream', and 55% and 41% in 'Hongguem' of the TCA with 10 cm exposure length on 6-year-old trees. Tree height, canopy width, shoot length and terminal shoot length were also increased according to decreased exposure length in 6-year-old trees. The cumulative yield of three cultivars was higher in the tree with a lower exposure length between $4^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ year after planting. The cumulative yield of 20 cm and 30 cm exposure length showed respectively 77% and 63% in 'Seohong', 85% and 76% in 'Summer Dream', and 73% and 58% in 'Hongguem' of the cumulative yield with 10 cm exposure length in 6-year-old trees. Considering tree growth and yield, the optimum exposure length of M.9 was 10 cm for 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream' and 'Hongguem'.