• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.17
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 1996

Desalting methods for chloride ions from the excavated iron objects were studied. These methods were compared with room temperature and heating condition of treating solution. During the Desalting treatments the $Cl^-$concentration of the solution were measured regularly and the plotted for $Cl^-$concentrations the square root of time, heating methods showed that the $Cl^-$ ions are more extracted. For the desalting treatments these plots were found to be flattening line, it was showed the changing second solution. Also, the changing solution in the room temperation detected less $Cl^-$ ions of heating treatment solution. As the examination for the relative humidity has compared for desalting objects during 8 days, it was showed a re-corroded appearance of R.H90%. As it did not detected a $Cl^-$ ions of re-corroded section, these phenomena were showed the naturally occuring corrosion of the objects in the high relative humidity.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2010

This study examined the effects of previewing and providing background knowledge on low level EFL readers' comprehension of expository texts and their responses to these treatments. 130 college freshmen were randomly placed into one of three treatment groups and read two expository texts reflecting unfamiliar cultural information. Prior to reading, one group was given previewing instruction, which included vocabulary preteaching and summaries, and a second group was provided with culture-specific background knowledge through watching videos and slides. The third group read each text without any prereading instruction. Immediately after reading a passage, subjects answered a 10-item multiple-choice test. Results showed significant positive effects of the previewing treatment and weak positive effects of the providing background knowledge treatment. Students' responses on the questionnaires revealed that the majority felt that the experimental treatments contributed to comprehension enhancement, made reading more enjoyable, and expedited their reading process. Students in the control group, however, indicated that they needed explicit prereading instruction in order to understand the texts. Pedagogical implications of the findings for EFL reading instruction are provided.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2009

We carried out the effect verification of conservation treatment focusing on basement rock of alkali granite at the Yukjonbul (two-pairs of Buddha Triads) carved on rock cliff of Samneung valley in Namsan mountain of Gyeongju. The conservation treatments were used to ethylsilicate-type rock consolidant and epoxy-type resin. It is treatment method that the epoxy-type resin have been applied one time into the exfoliation area, after rock consolidation treatment have been worked for three times. As the result of measuring ultrasonic velocity, P-wave velocity of the exfoliation area was relatively increased after applied the conservation treatments. The ultrasonic velocity of all area was increased as 27.8%. This result has been proved with consolidation effects by consolidant and filler for stone cultural heritages. The treatment method should be worked about three time to consolidate sufficiently for rocks.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.33
• /
• pp.69-83
• /
• 2012

Field experiments for Conservation damage on selected spots were carried out prior to direct conservation treatments for Bangudae Petroglyphs in Ulsan. It was found that there is a big difference in treatment effects according to the treatment technique and application rather than on the treatment material use. Based on the results of this study, a plan for the conservation treatment of Bangudae Petroglyphs will be suggested by providing new materials and application techniques for cracks, adhesive application and consolidation by conducting artificial weathering tests and continued monitoring.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.26
• /
• pp.5-25
• /
• 2005

A consideration number of investigation have begun to elucidate the essential role biological agents play in the deterioration of stone. What is becoming clear is that many factors affect the durability of stone. Physical, chemical, and biological agentsact in co-association, ranging from synergistic to antagonistic, to deteriorate stone. Biodeterioration has usually been considered to be a degradation process following the initial deterioration effects of inorganic agents, especially objects of cultural value such as pagoda, stature of Buddha etc. These agents were thought to condition stone surfaces for microbial contamination due to structural changes and enrichment of inorganic organic nutrient substrates. This report concentrates on the action of biodeteriogens from bacteria to algae and higher plants. Preventive and remedial methods are surveyed, as are a selection of chemical treatments.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.29
• /
• pp.163-182
• /
• 2008

Precise scientific-diagnosis for preserving stone cultural properties has been well-advanced, but research on proper methods for conservation, restoration and repair is still in early stage. Accordingly it is quite difficult to establish conservation treatment methods compatible to unique characteristics and environments of each cultural property. We tried to select most compatible conservation materials through thorough assessment of conservation materials in current use. This research is focused on conservation and restoration materials except cleaner, which are used as adhesive, filler, repellent and consolidant. Conservation treatments for stone cultural properties were first tested in 1960's and have been carried out by various methods under relevant organizations and conservation treatment companies since. We investigated present status of conservation materials being used for cultural properties. Based on these data, we will look through types and properties of the conservation materials to figure out existing problems. Among many kinds of resins, the ratio of conservation materials used in cultural properties is very low. Therefore, new conservation materials equipped with proved long-term stability should be developed as soon as possible.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.343-351
• /
• 2012

Excavated archaeological iron objects are prevented from being corroded going through desalination which slow down being corroded. However archaeological iron objects are liable to be corroded due to the high ionization tendency even though they are stored in environment restricted from corrosion factors. Iron objects could be deteriorated more than just excavated. Therefore this study investigated about the characteristic of re-corrosion and the effect on objects. In study, archaeological iron nails in storage for 4 years after conservation treatments were tested. Optical microscopy and X-ray photography for appearance, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy for chemical composition, IC for chloride ions concentration inside iron nails were used. As results, iron nails carried out conservation treatments measured a high concentration of chloride ions after the long storage period. The form of objects were not in good condition such as broken or destroyed when the high chloride ions concentration was detected. In addition, the yellow and red powdery corrosion product were detected on the boundary between corrosion products and substrates and they were identified as akaganeite which is symptom of active corrosion.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.6 no.2 s.8
• /
• pp.100-109
• /
• 1997

General aspects of the scientific conservation of buried cultural properties were reviewed. Thus, instrumental survey of buried cultural properties, scientific conservation of excavated artifacts, (especially. the first aid treatments of the excavated artifacts at the excavation site) and scientific conservation of the excavated remains (conservation at the site or at transition sites) were treated in outline.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.36
• /
• pp.74-85
• /
• 2015

An ox bone object was excavated from the wetland at the excavation site in Bogam-ri tumulus, Naju. It was only able to identify the full image of the shape. Bogam were deteriorated and cracked due to the soil pressure and the repeated cycle of freezing and melting. They were also fragmented in pieces and powdered. In situ, bones were dewatered, consolidated and wrapped together with surrounding soils not to lose the fragmented bone pieces. Unpacking was carried out in the conservation lab and the treatment was processed. Soils on the reverse were removed and then the surface was consolidated and reinforced. Then, soils on the excavated side was cleaned and the surface was consolidated. The object was placed in the produced storing box. When the ox bone object was excavated, it did not have its head and was in the shape of tieing all its legs up. This shows that the animal had been tied up during a ritual and then buried. During the treatment, the importance of the burial purpose and maintaining the shape at the time of excavation was considered. Therefore, the shape of the object at the time of excavation was maintained rather than dismantling all these fragile bones and finding the shape of an ox. This conservation of ox bone object shows that conservation treatment methods have to be vary depending on characters and conditions of objects. In addition, it is expecting that this writing could be the reference to bone and horn objects excavated in the future for the whole process from the excavation to the conservation treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2001

The biodeterioration with blue-green algae has been studied since 1997 up to 2000 in the tomb of King Mooryong in Kongiu, Korea. Biodeterioration in the tomb initially started from the formation of micro-organismic biofilm that had been suggested to make minor changes on the stone surface. This study revealed that the biofilm formed by microorganisms could result in permanent damages on stone cultural properties. The application of a chemical, 'K2Ol', developed by the author successfully removed fouling of biofilm on the surfaces of stone cultural properties. When small pieces of granite stone were embedded in the solution to study the side effects of the chemicals for a period of three months, the mechanical stability was 0.97 compared to control and there was no change in color. Biodeterioration is one of the most harmful factors that decrease the value of stone cultural properties but it may be treated with a development of proper chemicals.