• Title/Summary/Keyword: cultivated ginseng

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Ginseng Conservation Program in Russian Primorye:Genetic Structure of Wild and Cultivated Populations

  • Zhuravlev, Yu.N.;Koren, O.G.;Reunova, G.D.;Artyukova, E.V.;Kozyrenko, M.M.;Muzarok, T.I.;Kats, I.L.
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.60-66
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    • 2004
  • “The Regional complex long-term program of restoration (reintroduction) of Primoryes ginseng population up to 2005” elaborated by Primorye governor administration, Regional Committee of Natural Resources and Russian Academy of Sciences operates in Russian Primorye. The Institute of Biology and Soil Science (IBSS) provides the scientific implementation of the program including the genetic analysis of extant ginseng populations, plant reproduction and off-spring identification. According to our investigations, the genetic resource of P. ginseng in Primorye is represented by three populations of wild-growing ginseng and a few pritate plantations. The results obtained by RAPD allowed concluding that the resource is dispersed among the wild and cultivated ginseng sub-populations in such a way that each of sub-populations studied has to be represented as a stock material to maintain species genetic variability. The allozyme analyses also showed that the small sub-populations of wild ginseng are characterized by unique genetic diversity and, therefore, they all need to be represented in reintroduction centers. Additionally the allozyme analysis discovered that the Blue Mountain and Khasan populations possess the most genetic diversity. So, at least one more reproductive ginseng unit has to be created besides two already existing reintroduction centers representing the Sikhote-Alin and the Blue Mountain populations.

Ginseng Conservation Program in Russian Primorye: Genetic Structure of Natural and Cultivated Populations

  • Yu.N. Zhuravlev;O.G. Koren;G.D. Reunova;E.V Artyukova;M.M. Kozyrenko;T.I. Muzarok;I.L. Kats
    • Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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    • 2002.10a
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    • pp.509-521
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    • 2002
  • 'The Regional complex long-term program of restoration (reintroduction) of Primoryes ginseng population up to 2005' elaborated by Primorye governor administration, Regional Committee of Natural Resources and Russian Academy of Sciences operates in Russian Primorye. The Institute of Biology and Soil Science (IBSS) provides the scientific implementation of this program including the genetic analysis of extant ginseng populations, plant reproduction and offspring identification. According to our investigations, the genetic resource of P. ginseng in Primorye is represented by three populations of wild-growing ginseng and a few private plantations. The results obtained by RAPD allowed concluding that this resource is dispersed among the wild and cultivated ginseng sub-populations in such a way that each of sub-populations studied has to be represented in living plant collection as a stock material to maintain species genetic variability. The allozyme analyses also showed that the small sub-populations of natural ginseng are characterized by unique genetic diversity and, therefore, they all need to be represented in reintroduction centers. Additionally the allozyme analysis discovered that the Blue Mountain and Khasan populations possess the most genetic diversity. So, at least one more reproductive ginseng unit has to be created besides two already existing reintroduction centers representing the Sikhote-Alin and the Blue Mountain populations.

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Analysis of Volatile Essential Oil Playing Key Role in Tobacco Leaves (잎담배중의 중요 휘발성 정유성분의 분석)

  • Kim, Sin-Il;Oh, Young-Il;Heu, Il
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 1983
  • Tobacco leaves cultivated in Korea, U.S A., Greece and Turkey were analyzed for their essential oils that are solanone, nor- solanadione, damascenone, dana scone and mesa stigmatrienone (4- isomer). Regardless of tobacco varieties and cultivated localities, solanone was the most abundant. Among them particularly, Basma has the highest amounts of the solanone than other varieties. Flue-cured tobacco leaf has much higher amounts of damascellone than burley and aromatic tobacco leaf do. U.S. A. flue-cured, U.S. A. burley and Basma clave much higher concentration of solanone than corresponding Korean varieties, but significant differences could not be observed in other components. The order of total amounts of 8 essential oils in tobacco varieties were as follows; Aromatic) Burley) Flue-cured

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Exports of Cultivated Quinquefolium in The United States(1990~1994) (미국의 재배삼 수출 실적(1990~1994))

  • Lee, Dong-Phill;Park, Hoon
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.188-192
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    • 1996
  • Export amount and price of P. quinquefolium of United States during 1990 to 1994 were briefly introduced. Export tended decreasing especially to Europe. Middle and South America appeared to be new market. Ginseng Board of Wisconsin Inc. and its Wisconsin seal program to curb Kinase white root were introduced.

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Beauty food activities of wild-cultivated Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) ground part (산양삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 지상부위의 미용 식품 활성)

  • Kim, Myeong-Wook;Lee, Eun-Ho;Kim, Ye-Jin;Park, Tae-Soon;Cho, Young-Je
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.61 no.1
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    • pp.33-38
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    • 2018
  • This study aimed to investigate the beauty food activities of wild-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). wild-cultivated ginseng extracts were analyzed for antioxidant, skin whitening, anti-wrinkle effect was measured in water and 70% ethanol extract. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical decolorization activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts were 16.69 and 2.18% as well as 4.04 and 3.25% at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The antioxidant protection factors (PF) of water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$ were 1.06 PF and 1.09 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were both 96% at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. As PF and TBARs showed higher activity than DPPH and ABTS, we could know that antioxidant activity in the lipophilic component of wood-cultivated ginseng were superior to water-soluble component of wood-cultivated ginseng. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 10.97 and 52.39% in water and 70% ethanol extracts at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities as anti-wrinkle effect were 15.71 and 20.43% in water extracts as well as 32.26 and 86.74% in 70% ethanol extract at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. The results show that anti-wrinkle effect was the best among the other experiments. This extracts from wood-cultivated ginseng, therefore, seems to be a potent beauty food resource against wrinkles.

Effects of Salt in Soil Condition on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Physiological Disorder in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (토양 염류 농도가 인삼 잎의 엽록소 형광반응 및 생리장해 발생에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jang Uk;Hyun, Dong Yun;Kim, Young Chang;Lee, Jung Woo;Jo, Ick Hyun;Kim, Dong Hwi;Kim, Kee Hong;Sohn, Jae Keun
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.446-453
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    • 2015
  • Background : Excessively high concentration of sodium ion causednutrient deficiency and significantly decrease growth. This study was carried out to determine the limiting concentration range of sodium ion in the soil of ginseng field. Methods and Results : The growth of the ginseng cultivar Chunpoong reduced with increase in salinity, and the rate of growth reduction was higher in shoots than that of roots. Particularly, ginseng plants cultivated at high level of nitrate nitrogen or sodium may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Chlorophyll damage occurred on the leaves of ginseng planted in relatively high levels (> $0.2cmol^+/kg$) of sodium ion, as determined by the fluorescence reaction. The incidence of physiological disorder in ginseng cultivated at 249 sites was correlated with the concentration of sodium ion in the soils. About 74% of ginseng fields in which physiological disorders occurred had concentrations of sodium ion in soil greater than $0.2cmol^+/kg$. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions at 51 of 85 sites where no damage occurred was relatively ($0.05cmol^+/kg-0.15cmol^+/kg$). Conclusions : The concentration of sodium ion in soil of ginseng fields can be classified into three levels optimum (${\leq}0.15$), permissible allowance (0.15 - 0.2) and excessive (> 0.2).

Distribution of Stem Vestige according to Ginseng Cultivars and Determination of Root Age by Ginsenoside Types of Red Ginseng (인삼 품종별 경흔적 분포 및 홍삼의 진세노사이드 종류에 따른 연근 판별)

  • Kim, Young Chang;Kim, Jang Uk;Bae, Bong Suk;Kang, Je Yong;Kim, Dong Hwi;Hyun, Dong Yun;Lee, Joon Soo
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.217-223
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    • 2017
  • Background: In Korea, 6-year-old ginseng root is economically more important than 4 or 5-year-old roots. In general, the root age is determined by counting the number of stem vestiges. However, this method does not accurately estimate ginseng root age. Methods and Results: In this study, the stem vestige counting method was used to survey a total of 18,395 fresh ginsengs cultured in 2014, and 2015, to determine the accuracy of this method. The proportion of 6-year-old roots, with more than four stem vestiges, was 46.1% in 2014. For the cultivar Chunpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Goesan countries in 2015, the proportion of more than four stem vestiges was 55.9%, and 43.5%, respectively. The proportion of more than four stem vestiges for the Gumpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Yangpyeong countries was 67.0%, and 35.1%, respectively, whereas that for the cultivar Yunpoong was 36.0% and 61.0%, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed that differences in the levels of Rg1 will enable root age determination. Conclusions: Root age determination by the stem vestige test was found to differ depending on the environmental and cultivation conditions. To determine the age of ginseng roots, a comprehensive method, such as counting stem vestiges and evaluating differences in ginsenoside levels, should be applied.

Effects of Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Korean Cultivated Wild Ginseng Extract (산양삼의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Kyoung-Myoung;Lee, Jin-Young;Kim, Myung-Uk;Lee, Shin-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.45 no.12
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    • pp.1740-1746
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    • 2016
  • In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional constituents as well as quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Korean cultivated wild ginseng (KG). The chemical compositions and amino acid content of KG were 7.56% water, 73.01% carbohydrates, 12.58% protein, 1.99% lipids, and 5.54% ash as well as 16.17 mg/g of amino acids, respectively. The major ginsenoside and minor ginsenoside contents of KG were 15.94 mg/g and 0.04 mg/g, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of KGE (Korean cultivated wild ginseng with 70% ethanol extract) were 8.93 mg GAE/g and 3.96 mg RHE/g, respectively. KGE also showed higher antioxidant activity than the other extracts (KGW, Korean cultivated wild ginseng with water extract) with regard to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (57.75% and 70.73%, respectively), nitrite oxide scavenging activity (44.01%), SOD-like activity (78.05%), reducing power activity ($1.08OD_{700nm}$), and ferrous ion-chelating activity (65.33%). Additionally, KGE had higher elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase inhibition activities than KGW. These results suggest that KGE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture on lowering lipid and oxidative capacity in biochemical and molecular biological study in obese rats (산양산삼약침의 지질강하 및 항산화효과에 대한 생화학적 및 분자생물학적 검토)

  • Choi, Eun-Ju;Lee, Joon-Moo;Won, Seung-Hwan;Kwon, Ki-Rok
    • Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.5-20
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : This study was carried out to identified the effects of distilled cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture to the obesity. Methods : Cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture was administered on the points of chung-wan(CV12), $Ch'{\breve{o}}nch'u$(ST25), and Chok-samni(ST36) on lowering lipid and oxidative capacity in biochemical and molecular biological aspects were investigated in obese rats fed with high fat diet. Results : 1. The contents of plasma ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to the control group. In the pharmacopuncture groups, the values of ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups showed lower value. 2. The contents of plasma free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in pharmacopuncture groups compared to the control group. However, in the pharmacopuncture groups, the values were not significantly different. 3. Plasma triglyceride and glucose showed lower value in the ST25 pharmacopuncture groups compared with the other groups. 4. The activity of AST showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups. However, the activity of ALT was not significantly different in all the treatment groups. 5. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed lower value in the ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups and HDL-cholesterol showed higher value in the CV12 pharmacopuncture groups than that of the other treatment groups. 6. Liver total cholesterol values didn't show significant difference in all the treatment groups, and triglyceride showed lower value in the pharmacopuncture groups. 7. The contents of plasma TEARS showed lower value in the ST25 pharmacopuncture group and contents of liver TBARS showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups. However these values didn't show significant difference in the pharmaco puncture groups. 8. Liver super oxide dismutase activity showed higher value in the ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups, and the value of liver glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity showed a tendency to increase in the pharmacopuncture groups. However, these values showed no significant difference in the pharmacopuncture groups. 9. Expression of apo-B and E mRNA in liver cells was lower in the ST25 pharmacopuncture group than that of the other treatment groups. However, expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and leptin mRNA in adipose cell showed no difference among all the treatment groups. 10. ST25 pharmacopuncture group showed a good histological character of liver. It showed similar to that of normal group. However other treatment groups and control group showed slight vasodilation and slight fat accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that distilled cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture suppressed adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant capacity.

Mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract decreases blood glucose level and improves lipid metabolism in male db/db mice (산양산삼(山養山蔘) 열수추출물이 db/db 마우스 당뇨모델에서 혈중 지질대사와 혈당에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Eung-Lae;Kim, Chang-Sik;Lee, Hee-Young;Lee, Hye-Rim;Kim, Eung-Yeol;Yoon, Mi-Chung;Shin, Soon-Shik
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.69-75
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : We investigated the effects of mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract(MCG) on blood glucose and insulin levels, and examined whether lipid metabolism are improved by it in male db/db mice(a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods : 9 weeks old, male db/db mice were divided into 5 groups : C57BL/6J normal, control, MCG-250mg/kg (MCG-1), MCG-500mg/kg(MCG-2) and MCG-1000mg/kg(MCG-3). After mice were treated with MCG for 8 weeks, we measured body weight, food intake, fat weight, visceral organ weight and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Results : 1. We found no difference in body weight, food intake, fat weight and visceral organ weight among the animal groups. 2. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower blood glucose level and higher blood insulin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 3. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 5. Blood AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by MCG, indicating MCG do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that MCG effectively increases blood insulin level and decreases blood glucose level, blood lipid levels, and prevents and improves diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.