• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.590-593
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• 2010

The processes of supplying propellants into propellant tanks play important roles during launch preparation of satellite launch vehicle. The total weight of launch vehicle greatly depends on the accuracy of filling quantity of propellant during launch preparation. Among propellants used for launch vehicles a cryogenic propellant such as liquid oxygen is widely adapted as an oxidizer for launch vehicles. Such cryogenic propellant usually resides in a propellant tank as two-phase fluid with liquid and gas, which needs an accurate level measurement system to detect the position of propellant surface precisely. In this paper the fabricating process of a level measurement system using capacitance type with three electrodes is analyzed. In addition, the change of electric signal according to the height of liquid is verified by testing the level measurement system under consideration. The results of tests shows as expected the linear trend of voltage according to the change of water height in a tank.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2020

Obtaining external forced convection heat transfer from bubble boiling and validating it with experimental results using cryogenic liquids are suggested to derive total heat transfer coefficient with pool boiling condition in the case of coil type heat exchanger with a bundle of tubes and to overcome the limitation of using the empirical correlation. Experiment is conducted with pool boiling heat transfer of saturate liquid nitrogen with helical coil type heat exchanger using liquid oxygen as hot stream fluid. Experimentally measured heat transfer coefficient is well-agreed with the estimated curve considering nucleate boiling and forced convection induced by bubble rise.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1359-1364
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• 2004

An experiment was performed to study the evaporation heat transfer and the pressure drop characteristics of liquid nitrogen in a horizontal stainless steel tube with wire coil inserts. The inner diameter of test tube is 4.3mm and the length is 1.5m. Four wire coils having different pitch and thickness were inserted into the plain test tube. The wire coil length is 1.5m and the diameter is 3.65mm with thickness of 0.5mm and 0.9mm. Experiments were conducted at saturation temperature of $-191^{\circ}C$ mass flux from 200 to 370 $kg/m^{2}s$ and heat flux of 62 $kW/m^{2}$. Direct heating method was used to apply heat to the test section. Boiling heat transfer coefficients of both the plain and the enhanced tubes were calculated. Pressure drops between inlet and outlet side of test section were also measured, and they are used to estimate EPR(Enhancement Performance Ratio).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.8 s.239
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• pp.927-933
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• 2005

Boiling heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in a stainless steel plain tube and wire coil inserted tubes were investigated. The test tubes, which had an inner diameter of 10.6 m and a length of 1.65 m, were horizontally located. Five wire coils having different pitch and thickness were inserted into the plain tube. The pitches of the wire coils were 18.4, 27.6, and 36.8 m, and the thickness was 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm respectively. Tests were conducted at a saturation temperature of $-191^{\circ}$, mass fluxes from 58 to 105 kg/$m^2s$, and heat fluxes from 22.5 to 32.7 kw/$m^2$. A direct heating method was used to apply heat to the test section. The boiling heat transfer coefficients of liquid nitrogen were represented as a function of vapor quality, which showed significant drop at the dryout vapor quality. The maximum heat transfer enhancement using the wire coil inserted tubes over the plain tube was $174\%$ for 'Wire 3' having a thickness of 2.5 mm and a pitch of 18.4 mm.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2014

This paper presents thermodynamic performance analysis of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using low temperature heat source in the form of sensible energy and using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as heat sink to recover the cryogenic energy of LNG. LNG is able to condense the working fluid at a very low condensing temperature in a heat exchanger, which leads to an increased power output. Based on the mathematical model, a parametric analysis is conducted to examine the effects of eight different working fluids, the turbine inlet pressure and the condensation temperature on the system performance. The results indicate that the thermodynamic performance of ORC such as net work production or thermal efficiency can be significantly improved by the LNG cold energy.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This paper reviews the development status of magnetic refrigeration system for hydrogen liquefaction. There is no doubt that hydrogen is one of most important energy sources in the near future. In particular, liquid hydrogen can be utilized for infrastructure construction consisting of storage and transportation. Liquid hydrogen is in cryogenic temperatures and therefore high efficient liquefaction method must be studied. Magnetic refrigeration which uses the magneto-caloric effect has potential to realize not only the higher liquefaction efficiency > 50 %, but also to be environmentally friendly and cost effective. Our hydrogen magnetic refrigeration system consists of Carnot cycle for liquefaction stage and AMR (active magnetic regenerator) cycle for precooling stages. For the Carnot cycle, we develop the high efficient system > 80 % liquefaction efficiency by using the heat pipe. For the AMR cycle, we studied two kinds of displacer systems, which transferred the working fluid. We confirmed the AMR effect with the cooling temperature span of 12 K for 1.8 T of the magnetic field and 6 second of the cycle. By using the simulation, we estimate the total efficiency of the hydrogen liquefaction plant for 10 kg/day. A FOM of 0.47 is obtained in the magnetic refrigeration system operation temperature between 20 K and 77 K including LN2 work input.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1987

When the wall temperature is very high, a stable vapor film covers the heat transfer surface. The vapor film creates a strong thermal resistance when heat is transferred to the liquid though it. This phenomenon, called "film boiling" is very important in the heat treatment of metals, the design of cryogenic heat exchangers, and the emergency cooling of nuclear reactors. In the practical engineering problems of the transient cooling process of a high temperature wall, the wall temperature history, the variation of the heat transfer coefficients, and the wall superheat at the rewetting points, are the main areas of concern. These three areas are influenced in a complex fashion such factors as the initial wall temperature, the physical properties of both the wall and the coolant, the fluid temperature, and the flow state. Therefore many kinds of specialized experiments are necessary in the creation of precise thermal design. The object of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics in the transient cooling process of a high temperature wall. The slow transient cooling experiment was carried out with a copper block of high thermal capacity. The block was 240 mm high and 79 mm O.D.. The coolant flowed throuogh the center of a 10 mm diameter channel in the copper block. In the copper block, three sheathed thermocouples were placed in a line perpendicular to the flow. These thermocouples were used to take measurements of the temperature histories of the copper block.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2019

In a cryogenic storage structure, the insulation system is in an environment in which fluid impact loads occur throughout the lifetime of the structure. In this study, we investigated the effect of repetitive impact loading on the mechanical performance of glass fiber-reinforced polyurethane foam. The repeated impact loading test was conducted in accordance with the required impact energy and the required number of repetitive impacts. The impact behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polyurethane foam was analyzed in terms of stress and displacement. After the impact test, the specimen was subjected to a compression test to evaluate its mechanical performance. We analyzed the critical impact energy that affected mechanical performance. For the impact conditions that were tested, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the polyurethane foam can be degraded significantly.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.40-44
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• 2020

This paper describes the real operation of 2 kW class reverse-Brayton refrigeration system with neon as a working fluid. The refrigeration cycle is designed with operating pressure of 0.5 and 1.0 MPa at low and high pressure side, respectively. Compressor package consists of several helium scroll compressors witch are originally used for driving GM cryocooler. Three segments of plate heat exchanger are adopted to cover the wide temperature range and the refrigeration power is produced by turbo expander. The developed refrigeration system is successfully operated at its target temperature of 77 K. In experiments, all parameters such as pressure, temperature, mass flow rate and valve opening are measured to investigate characteristics during cool-down process and normal state. The difference between design and real operation is discussed with measured experimental data. At normal state of 77 K operation, the developed reverse-Brayton refrigeration system shows 1.83 kW at 68.2 K of cold-end temperature.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.715-732
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• 2009

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2008. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends in thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed in the categories of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, new and renewable energy, and fire. Well-developed CFD technologies were widely applied in developing facilities and their systems. New research topics include fire, fuel cell, and solar energy. Research was mainly focused on flow distribution and optimization in the fields of fluid machinery and piping. Topics related to the development of fans and compressors had been popular, but were no longer investigated widely. Research papers on micro heat exchangers using nanofluids and micro pumps were also not presented during this period. There were some studies on thermal reliability and performance in the fields of new and renewable energy. Numerical simulations of smoke ventilation and the spread of fire were the main topics in the field of fire. (2) Research works on heat transfer presented in 2008 have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, industrial heat exchangers, and ground heat exchangers. Research on heat transfer characteristics included thermal transport in cryogenic vessels, dish solar collectors, radiative thermal reflectors, variable conductance heat pipes, and flow condensation and evaporation of refrigerants. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, examined are research on micro-channel plate heat exchangers, liquid cooled cold plates, fin-tube heat exchangers, and frost behavior of heat exchanger fins. Measurements on ground thermal conductivity and on the thermal diffusion characteristics of ground heat exchangers were reported. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many studies were presented on simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump systems. Switching between various operation modes and optimizing the refrigerant charge were considered in this research. Studies of heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as sewage water and river water were reported. Evaporative cooling was studied both theoretically and experimentally as a potential alternative to the conventional methods. (4) Research papers on building facilities have been reviewed and divided into studies on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation, automatic control of heat sources with piping systems, and sound reduction in hydraulic turbine dynamo rooms. In particular, considered were efficient and effective uses of energy resulting in reduced environmental pollution and operating costs. (5) In the field of building environments, many studies focused on health and comfort. Ventilation. system performance was considered to be important in improving indoor air conditions. Due to high oil prices, various tests were planned to examine building energy consumption and to cut life cycle costs.