• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2002

In the ship structural design, the material cost of hull weight and the overall cost of construction processes should be minimized considering safety and reliability. In the past, minimum weight design has been mainly focused on reducing material cost and increasing dead weight reflect the interests of a ship's owner. But, in the past experience, the minimum weight design has been inevitably lead to increasing the construction cost. Therefore, it is necessary that the designer of ship structure should consider both structural weight and construction cost. In this point of view, multi-objective optimization technique is proposed to design the ship structure in this study. According to the proposed algorithm, the results of optimization were compared to the structural design of actual VLCC(Very Large Crude Oil Carrier). Objective functions were weight cost and construction cost of VLCC, and ES(Evolution Strategies), one of the stochastic search methods, was used as an optimization solver. For the scantlings of members and the estimations of objectives, classification rule was adopted for the longitudinal members, and the direct calculation method, GSDM(Generalized Slope Deflection Method), lot the transverse members. To choose the most economical design point among the results of Pareto optimal set, RFR(Required Freight Rate) was evaluated for each Pareto point, and compared to actual ship.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.596-602
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• 1991

The comopositon of lipids extracted from corn embryo with various solvents were analyzed. The solvents for the extraction were benzene(BZ), n-hexane(HX), pet. ether(PE), trichlorethylene (TE), chloroform-methoanol(2:1, v/v) (CM), dichlormethane - methanol(2:1, v/v)(DM) and hexanediethyl ether(5:1, v/v)(HD). The lipids were than fractinated by silicis acid column chromatography(SACC) into three lipid fractions. The Neutral lipid fractons were further separated by thin layer chromatography(TLC) and the individual lipid spots were quantitatived by TLC scanner. And then the fatty acid compositions of total lipids and neutral lipids were determined by gas chromatography(GC). Crude oil contents of corn embryo were most efficient by using DM, CM and neutral lipid was extracted much HX, BZ, HD systems than did PE, DM, DM an CM were most efficient solvent systems for extracting glycolipid and phospholipid. The major component of the neutral lipid fractions was found to be triglyceride, and it was superior DM to PE. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in the total lipids, and it was most efficient with BZ and TE. The major fatty acid in neutral lipids was also linoleic acid and it was superior BZ to PE, CM, HD and oleic acid was similar to seven solvents and palmitic acid was found much superior in using CM.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.489-495
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• 2016

In this study, the Warm-Mix Asphalt was prepared using a modified Sulfur Binder mixed with an additive of a polymer component in sulfur, which is an industrial by-product generated in the crude oil refining process. The dynamic stability and durability characteristics of the prepared Warm-Mix Asphalt was evaluated by the indirect tensile strength, the tensile strength ratio before and after water immersion and freezing-thawing, and the dynamic stability by wheel tracking test. The Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures using Modified Sulfur Binder has a tensile strength ratio before and after water immersion of 0.88, which is about 1.13 times that of the Warm-Mix formed modified Asphalt, and the tensile strength ration before and after freezing-thawing is also 0.82, thus, all tensile strength ratios satisfied the KS quality standard value of 0.75 or more. The indirect tensile strength was 1.6MPa which was twice the KS quality standard value of 0.8MPa, and about 1.24 times higher than that of normal heated asphalt 1.29MPa. In addition, the dynamic stability by the wheel tracking test was 14,075 times/mm, which was about 15 times higher than that of normal heated asphalt and about 3 times higher than that of the Warm-Mix formed modified Asphalt, showing excellent resistance to plastic deformation such as fatigue cracks.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2010

Following the application of Formal Safety Assessment(FSA) to bulk carriers, crude oil tankers and large passenger ships, an urgent need to consider the safety of general cargo ships has recently been raised through the International Maritime Organization(IMO)(IMO, 2006a), and related FSA studies are being carried out by International Association of Classification Societies(IACS) as a preparatory work for the discussion on the issue of general cargo ship safety in the IMO committee. FSA is a structured and systematic methodology which is based on the techniques of risk analysis and cost benefit assessment to assist in the decision-making process, and aims at enhancing maritime safety, including protection of life, health, the marine environment and property. FSA can be used as a tool to facilitate the development of regulatory changes equitable to the various parties, with a view to aiding the achievement of consensus, and to help in the evaluation of new regulations and in making a comparison between existing and possibly improved regulations(IMO, 2007). This study aims at verifying the usefulness of FSA methods as a tool to conduct a safety assessment of general cargo ships flying the Korean flag, and providing useful information on 'the safety of general cargo ships' for IMO committee's discussion on the matter at a future session. FSA comprises five steps, however, steps 1(Hazard identification) and 2 (Risk analysis) from the FSA study for the Korean-flagged general cargo ships are discussed in this paper.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.506-512
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• 2013

Biomass and low-grade coals are known to be better potential sources of energy compared to crude oil and natural gas since these materials are readily available and found to have large reserves, respectively. Gasification of these carbonaceous materials produced syngas for chemical synthesis and power generation. Woodchip, sawdust and lignite were gasified with steam in a thermobalance reactor under atmospheric pressure in order to evaluate their kinetic rate information. The effects of gasification temperature ($600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$) and partial pressure of steam (20~90 kPa) on the gasification rate were investigated. The three different types of gas-solid reaction models were applied to the experimental data to predict the behavior of the gasification reactions. The modified volumetric model predicted the conversion data well, thus the model was used to evaluate kinetic parameters in this study. The observed activation energy of biomass, sawdust and lignite gasification reactions were found to be in reasonable range and their rank was found to be sawdust > woodchip > lignite. The expression of apparent reaction rates for steam gasification of the three solids was proposed to provide basic information on the design of coal gasification processes.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1993

The contents of odd number fatty acid in walnut, peach seed and apricot seed were analyzed by HPLC. The results were as follows; the contents of crude oil in walnut, peach seed and apricot seed were 61.7%, 48.21%, and 52.34%, respectively. The contents of neutral lipid in walnut peach seed, and apricot seed were contained 62.32%, 91.50%, and 88.00%, respectively. The contents of glycolipid in walnut peach seed and apricot seed were contained 34.14%, 3.25%, and 4.78%, respectively. The contents of phospholipid in walnut peach seed and apricot seed were contained 3.54%, 5.25%, and 7.27%, respectively. The contents of odd number fatty acid and even number fatty acid in neutralipid were walnut 37.07% and 36.72%, peach seed 5.4% and 94.60%, and apricot seed 6.85% and 93.92%, respectively. The contents of odd number fatty acid and even number fatty acid in glycolipid were walnut 5.37% and 46.21%, peach seed 6.97% and 89.42%, and apricot seed 10.50% and 89.42%, respectively. The contents of odd number fatty acid and even number fatty acid in phospholipld were walnut 3.57% and 96.43%, peach speed 6.51% and 93.49%, and apricot seed 15.00% and 84.20%, respectively. The contents of odd number fatty and even number fatty acid in total fatty acid were walnut 14.47% and 85.53%, peach seed 1.17% and 98.83%, and apricot seed 4.3% and 95.97%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.205-211
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• 2015

Most of the sulfur is obtained from desulfurization of natural gas and crude oil. In Korea, more than 120 tons of sulfur are produced by refinery, and about 50 % of the produced sulfur is used as a raw material for the production of fertilizer and sulfuric acid. Modified sulfur is manufactured from excessive sulfur that could be used to improve concrete properties, and this study evaluated concrete strength and durability that contains modified sulfur. Flexural and compressive strengths of concrete with sulfur modified polymer were comparable to those of OPC concrete with mixing water at similar temperatures, while the strengths increased a little as mixing water temperature increased. It was also confirmed that the resistance to freeze-thaw damage was more dependent on entrained air characteristics obtained by a proper use of air entraining agent than on the use of sulfur modified polymer. When concrete was immersed in 5 % sulfuric acid, the rate of reduction in compressive strength of OPC concrete was less than 1/4 of the strength reduction of concrete with sulfur modified polymer. Also, the resistance of concrete with sulfur modified polymer to scaling due to the use of de-icing salt was evaluated as Class 1, while that of OPC concrete was evaluated as Class 4, as aggregates were exposed. Accordingly, it is believed that sulfur modified polymer could be effectively used for bridge deck concrete since sulfur modified polymer improves the durability of concrete.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-129
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• 2014

This research estimates the impact of population aging on energy use and carbon emissions by energy sources and by industrial sectors in Korea until 2035. For the estimation, the structural change in household consumption expenditure identified by the age-specific consumption pattern was analyzed in conjunction with energy and environment input-output tables. The estimation result presents that, despite the population aging, energy use and carbon emissions induced by household consumption continue to increase until 2026, and then that elevated levels of energy use and carbon emissions will be maintained for a considerable period of time. According to the estimation by energy sources, the use of natural gas will show substantial increase while the use of crude oil will switch to a downturn at a relatively early period. According to the estimation by industrial sectors, carbon emissions in the sectors with relatively high consumption share of old households such as medical health, dwelling, lighting, heating, air-conditioning, and food will have substantial increase, whereas those in the sectors associated with education, transport, catering, and accommodation services will turn downward relatively early. In addition, the study analyzes through policy simulation the impact of aging-related policy similar to the basic pension system, which is recently being discussed for legislation, on energy use and carbon emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.7 no.1 s.18
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• pp.24-27
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• 2003

In this paper it was investigated 15 heaters of CDU plant heater, NCC plant heater, CO plant heater, Aromatic plant heater and so on while running in our country. It was also analysed the standard of operation procedure, the action in alarm, the interlock system, the operating situation of the interlock by-pass and major accident about the heater and so on. This paper presents the installation of the on-line monitoring, the additional installation of the local pressure gauge and temperature gauge, the check in starting operation,'the management of the interlock by-pass, the change of manufacturer causing the disorder of instrument sensor, the management method of DCS alarm for methods of the interlock prevention and facilities improvement. It was few information about the heater interlock in the inside and outside of the country We mainly have studied with reflecting the opinion of the operator and manager on site, the sheet of process trouble and operation procedure and so on. we think that the accident relating to the interlock will significantly reduce if the companies apply the conclusion of this study(i.e. methods of the interlock prevention and facilities improvement).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 1983

To study the composition of silkworm pupae oil, lipid of silkworm pupae was separated into two fractions, ether extractable and 85% methanol extractable, and the lipid components of each fraction were analyzed by using silicic acid column, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Silkworm pupae contains 35.4% crude fat (dry-basis) of which consists 34.4% diethyl ether-extract and 0.9% of 85% methanolextract. The diethyl ether-extract contained 96.1% of neutral lipid, 2.9% of glycolipid and 1.0% of phospholipid while methanol-extract was consisted of 47.4% of neutral lipid, 14.6% of glycolipid and 38.1% of phospholipid. The major components of phospholipid were phosphatidyl glycol(41.0%), and phosphatidyl choline(28.2%) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(21.2%) in the diethyl ether-extract and phosphatidyl glycol(48.4%), phosphatidyl inositol(22.8%) and phosphatidyl choline(17.9%) in the methanol-extract. The major fatty acids of the total lipid were oleic acid(33.5%), linolenic acid(31.0%) and palmitic acid(23.1%).