• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.591-596
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• 1994

Chemical composition and nutritive values of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silages subjected to two cutting intervals were studies; 1st harvest in July (A), and 2nd (B) and 1st (C) harvests in November. Each forage was ensiled with 4% molasses in plastic bags and stored for 5 or 9 months. A feeding experiment with castrated goats was conducted from April to June of the following year. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) content of the harvests varied from 9.5 to 22.8% and 6.6 to 13.6% of DM, respectively. The dry matter content of the silages fed to the goats were 13.0 to 24.4%, because some effluent was removed from each silage before the feeding trial. The pH values of the silages were between 4.03 and 4.29. Goats were given sufficient silage to meet maintenance nitrogen requirements from napier grass silage. Silage C was not completely consumed, and the silage had low digestibilities of DM, CP, hemicellulose and cellulose. Nitrogen balance was slightly positive for goats consuming silage B and was negative for goats consuming silages A and C. Nitrogen utilization was discussed in terms of ruminal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen fluids. It is concluded that goats could not maintain N-equilibrium not only when a younger forage was consumed at a level of N requirement by a restricted feeding, but also when an older forage could not be consumed enough for N requirement because of feed intake limitation.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.81-91
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• 2011

Current fuel ethanol research and development deals with process engineering trends for improving biotechnological production of ethanol. Recently, a large amount of studies regarding the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a good feedstock for producing fuel ethanol is being carried out worldwide. The plant biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The main challenge in the conversion of biomass into ethanol is the complex, rigid and harsh structures which require efficient process and cost effective to break down. The isolation of microorganisms is one of the means for obtaining enzymes with properties suitable for industrial applications. For these reasons, crude cultures containing cellulosic biomass degrading microorganisms were isolated from rice field soil, cow farm soil and rotten rice straw from cow farm. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xylan and Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) degradation zone of clearance on agar platefrom rice field soil resulted approximately at 25 mm, 24 mm and 22 mm respectively. As for cow farm soil, CMC, xylan and Avicel degradation clearancezone on agar plate resulted around at 24mm, 23mm and 21 mm respectively. Rotten rice straw from cow farm also resulted for CMC, xylan and Avicel degradation zone almost at 24 mm, 23 mm and 22 mm respectively. The objective of this study is to isolatebiomass degrading microbial strains having good efficiency in cellulose hydrolysis and observed the effects of different substrates (CMC, xylan and Avicel) on the production of cellulase enzymes (endo-glucanase, exo-glucanase, cellobiase, xylanase and avicelase) for producing low cost biofuel from cellulosic materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.633-637
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• 2004

The experiment of silage for preservation of fresh Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was carried out to examine whether the fermentation quality and microbial degradation in the rumen can be altered by the treatment of amino acids fermentation byproduct (AFB). The plant was ensiled for 40 days with 4 treatments of different ratios of AFB and sugarcane molasses (SCM) mixture. The treatment 2 (T2, AFB:SCM=100:0) and treatment 3 (T3, AFB:SCM=40:60) silages showed higher (p<0.05) concentrations of lactic acids, lower (p<0.05) pH and dry matter (DM) losses than the Control (T1, none additive) and treatment (T4, AFB:SCM=0:100) silages. The treatments 2 and 3 contained higher (p<0.05) DM and crude protein contents in silages compared to treatments 1 and 4 silages. The NDF, ADF and cellulose contents were also lower (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage and fresh material before ensiled. The in situ rumen DM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose degradability was also higher (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage, while the highest improvement was achieved with addition of AFB:SCM at level of 40:60 at ensiling. The result in this study indicates that the addition of AFB and SCM additives improved the silage fermentation and cell wall degradability of Italian ryegrass silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1078-1084
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• 2001

Twelve growing male lambs ($10.05{\pm}0.41kg$, 5 months age) were assigned to three equal groups in a completely randomized design and fed respectively wheat straw (WS), ammoniated wheat straw (AWS) or urea supplemented wheat straw (USWS) along with concentrate mixtures of varying protein and energy contents to meet their requirements as per NRC (1985). Despite comparable nutrient intake and digestibility, the lambs fed A WS based diet digested lower (p<0.05) crude protein. The digestibility of NDF and hemicellulose were lower while the digestibility of cellulose was higher in lambs on AWS as compared to lambs on USWS based diet. The lambs of all the three groups were in positive and comparable N, Ca and P balance except higher Ca balance in lambs fed WS based diet. The body weight change, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were similar among the dietary groups. All the parameters of rumen fermentation pattern were comparable between lambs of AWS and USWS based diets except ammonia-N concentration that was higher in the latter however it was lower in WS fed group. Though, the feeding cost per unit gain was comparable in lambs fed all the three diets, the cost incurred towards roughage during 120 days of experimental feeding was significantly less in lambs fed AWS than UTWS. Thus, feeding of USWS can be practiced to minimize labour cost and environmental pollution involved in the process of urea treatment without affecting the performance of growing lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1993

With the purpose to utilize cage layer manure (CLM), whole crop corn forage was ensiled with 30% CLM (MS silage) and without CLM (CS silage). MS silage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in pH value, total VFA, propionic and butyric acids, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen, but lower (p < 0.05) in lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents than CS silage. Digestibility was evaluated using Shiba strain Japanese goats. Urea was supplemented to CS silage at feeding to adjust nitrogen intake to MS silage (US silage). There were no differences in digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and energy among the three silages. However, US silage showed higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of crude protein, but digestibilities of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were higher (p < 0.05) in MS silage. Nitrogen retention was positive in US and MS silages, but it was negative in CS silage. Voluntary feed intake of goats was 11.02, 12.03 and 13.34 g of DM per metabolic body weight ($kg^{0.75}$) for 10 minutes, for CS, US and MS silages, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 1996

A 13-month study was conducted to determine the monthly variation of crude protein(CP), cell contents(CC), fiber fractions and mineral concentrations of paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf.] and stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger) and to estimate the correlations among the nutrient fractions and climatic factors. The forage samples collected by hand plucking were found to contain CP and mineral concentrations. i.e. calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), potassium(K) and zinc(Zn) above the critical levels based on ruminant veeds. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were observed in all CP, CC, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), hemicellulose(HE), cellulose(CE) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) between the two grass species. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were also observed in all concentrations of forage Ca, K, phosphorus(P), copper(Cu) and Zn except in Mg of both grasses and K of stargrass. Species differences(p<0.05) were observed in all nutrient fractions except Mg and K concentrations. Rainfall had positive correlations to CP, P(p<0.01) and CC(p<0.05); it had negative correlations to NDF(p<0.05). ADF, CE, Ca, Cu and Zn(p<0.01). Temperature, humidity and daylength had also some correlations to various nutrient fractions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 1992

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was fractionated into leaf nutrient concentrate, fiber and deproteinised juice (DPJ). The fresh and fermented DPJs were concentrated and referred to as fresh deproteinised juice concentrate (FDPJC) and fermented deprotenised juice concentrate (FMTD DPJC). The FDPJC and FMTD DPJC were separately mixed with dried fiber and ensiled. Wilted crop silage and fresh fiber silage were also prepared from the same material crop. The nutritive value of these four silages were compared using four goats by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Green crop fractionation resulted lesser amount of crude protein and ash, and higher amount of neurtal detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose in fresh fiber. The pH of fresh fiber silage was lower than that of the other silages. Addition of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC to the dried fiber at ensiling did not improve the silage qualities; but all the silages were satisfactorily preserved. Goats fed these silages showed similar ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. But addition of FMTD DPJC was effective on increasing ruminal acetic acid concentration reducing propionic acid concentration. Ruminal n- and iso- butyric acid concentrations were proportional to that of propionic acid. High ammonia content of the silage containing FMTD DPJC was reflected to the ruminal ammonia concentration, urinary nitrogen excretion and serum urea level of goats. Inclusion of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC added 15 to 25% dry matter to the fiber silages with a little reduction in the digestibilities of most components of the silages.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 1986

한국산 표고균(菌)의 생리적 조사의 일원으로서 이 균주(菌株)가 목재에서 생장시 필요로하는 목재분해 효소들의 특징 및 생성경향을 조사하였다. 각 효소들의 유도를 위한 배지로서는 각각 단일의 특정탄소원을 첨가한 배지를 사용하였고 이때 추출한 조효소를 효소용액으로 사용하였으며 이들 효소에 대한 최적온도 및 최적 pH등의 조건을 조사하였다. 또한 이 균주가 목재구성성분을 분해하는 기작을 간접적으로 추정하기 위하여 복합배지 및 통방배지 내에서의 각 효소생성 양상을 측정하였다. 이 균주가 목재성분을 분해할 때에는 cellulose와 hemicellulose의 하나인 xylan을 초기에 분해하여 이용하고, 조금지나서 pectin 질을 분해함을 알수있었다. 또한 이들기질들은 서로 상호작용에 의해 분해가 좀더 원활하게 이루어지게 하는데 효과가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.388-397
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• 1985

봄철 청예사요 생산에 알맞는 사료작물을 찾으려고 청예용 호밀 4품조, 청예용 Triticale 2품종을 1984년 10월 15일에 파종하여 1985년 봄에 이들의 사료생산성과 사료성분의 변화를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초장은 모든 품종이 4월초순부터 출수후 20 일까지 직선적으로 증가하였는데 초장증가율은 호밀이 Triticale보다 높았으며 호밀품종간 또는 Triticale 품종간에는 초장의 차이가 없었다. 2. 건물중은 Triticale 품종은 모두 출수후 20일까지 직선적으로 증가하였다. 그러나 호밀품종은 모두 출수기까지는 Triticale과 같이 직선적으로 증가하였으나 그 절대량은 Triticale보다 높았고 출수기 이후에는 건물량이 급격히 증가하였다. 3. 건물비율은 4월중순까지는 모든 호밀이나 Triticale 품종간에 차이없이 11∼13％이었다. 그러나 호밀은 출수기가 되면서 건물비율이 급격히 증가하였으나 Triticale은 출수후 20일까지도 서서히 증가하였다. 4. 출수기는 호밀품종은 4월 22일∼25일이었고 Triticale품종은 모두 5월 6일이었다. 출수기의 초장은 호밀이나 Triticale보다 컸으며 건물수량, 건물비율, 가소화건물수량은 Triticale이 호밀보다 높았다. 호밀중에는 팔당호밀이 다른 품종보다 건물수량과 가소화건물수량이 낮았다. 5. Triticale이 호밀보다 엽신장이 길고, 엽신폭이 넓으며 엽신이 전지상부 건물중에 차지하는 비율이 높았다. 6. 단백질함량은 생육이 진전될수록 감소하였으며 출수기 이전에는 호밀이 Triticale보다 높았으나 출수기 이후에는 맥종간 또는 품종간 차이가 없었다. 7. 호밀은 Cellulose와 Lignin이 모두 출수후 20일까지 계속 증가하나 Triticale의 Cellulose는 출수기까지 증가한 후 같은 수준으로 유지되며, 반면 Lignin은 출수후 급격히 증가하였다. Hemicellulose는 호밀에서는 출수기까지 다소 증가한 후 유지되었으나 Triticale에서는 생육초기에 높으며 서서히 감소하였다. 8. 소화율은 출수기까지는 모든 품종에서 높았으며 호밀은 출수 5일후부터 급격히 떨어졌으나 Triticale은 출수후 15일까지 출수기와 비슷하게 유지되었다. 9. 단백질함량과 건물소화율은 엽신이 간+엽소에서 보다 높았으며 Hemicellulose는 차이가 없었고 Cellulose, Lignin, ADF는 엽신에서 보다 간+엽소에 서 높았다. 10. 호밀은 저온기에 생육이 빨라 4월 초중순의 청예사료생산에는 Triticale보다 유리하나 출수기 이후에 소화율이 급격히 저하하고 Triticale이 호밀보다 출수기가 늦으므로 4월하순∼5월상순의 청예사료공급은 Triticale이 유리하다. 호밀이나 Triticale 중 한가지 종류만 심는 것 보다 두 종류를 심어 초기에는 호밀을, 다음에는 Triticale을 청예로 이용하면 청예이용기간을 연장할 수 있고 수확량도 크게 증가할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.