• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.77-95
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was to analyze the definitions of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in the relevant laws and regulations, understand the related problems, and propose directions for improvement. Methods : I analyzed the legal definitions in respect of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in relevant laws and regulations since 1945, explained the problems, and suggested the solution-considering the academic stance of Traditional Korean Medicine and the dualistic medical and pharmaceutical system. Results : Herbs are defined as "refined things that are cut and dried in their most original state". The definition of crude drugs includes herbs and the "cell contents, secretion, extracts, minerals and other parts of animals and plants that are used medicinally". The concept of natural products is expanded to adding tissue cultures to the definition of crude drugs. Conclusions : The definition of herbs should at least include all products that are "processed, extracted and prepared" as well as contents that consist of various forms of hospital-prepared herbs. The term "herbal drug" corresponds to a traditional term of "drug", and this should be established as a concept to explain "drugs in raw materials that are used to prepare herbs and/or manufacture herbal medicine". The legal definition of herbs should include the concept of crude drugs. Herbal drug preparations and crude drugs should be included in the definition of herbal drugs.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to screen target-specific inhibitors of ${\beta}$-catenin/TCF signaling whose functional activation plays an important role in early events in carcinogenesis. Methods: To investigate the activation or suppression of ${\beta}$-catenin/TCF transcription, we established a transiently transfected cell line with a constitutively active ${\beta}$-catenin mutant gene whose product is not degraded. This cell line was also co-transfected with luciferase reporter gene constructs containing either an optimized (TOPflash) or mutant (FOPflash) TCF-binding element. We investigated cytotoxic effects using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt (MTS) assay. To find effective inhibitors of ${\beta}$-catenin/TCF signaling from medicinal herbs, the crude extracts of 99 types of medicinal herbs were screened using a luciferase assay system in HEK-293 and SH-SY5y cells. Results: At a concentration of $50{\mu}g$/ml, extracts of Angelica koreanae radix, Cannabis sativa semen, Ephedrae intermedia Schrenk radix, and Vitis rotundifolia fruit showed the following inhibitory effects on ${\beta}$-catenin/TCF signaling: $40{\pm}5.6%$, $23{\pm}6.1%$, $8{\pm}5.1%$, and $22{\pm}9.8%$ in ${\beta}$-catenin-activated HEK-293 cells and $9{\pm}4.7%$, $39{\pm}8.1%$, $39{\pm}6.4%$, and $42{\pm}10.1%$ in ${\beta}$-catenin-activated SH-SY5y cells, respectively. Crude extracts of E. radix were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and two non-polar fractions of these extracts showed inhibitory effects on ${\beta}$-catenin/TCF signaling. Conclusions: In this study, we established a transiently transfected cell line as a screening system and found that various medicinal herb extracts had inhibitory effects on ${\beta}$signaling.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.672-677
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• 2008

In order to explore the anti-oxidization effect of oriental medicine and cereal medium(OCM) where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, measurement of hot water extract and UMPM(extraction method using ultra sonic waves, micro waves, micro bubble) extract, the total polyphenol content of crude polysaccharide from each extract, SOD-like activity, electron donating ability(EDA), xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted. The total polyphenol content of each extract was found to be 16.36% for hot water extract(HE) group and 15.73% for UMPM extract(UE) group and the amount of crude polysaccharide precipitated into ethanol of extracts was found to be 8.79% for UMPM ethanol extract(UEE) group and 6.48% for hot water ethanol extract(HEE) group. As a result of measurement of SOD-like activity by concentration of each extract, it was found to be 96.17% for UE group, 91.23% for HE group, 91.33% for UEE group, and 87.11% for HEE group at 20 mg/mL. In the case of EDA, it was found to be 47.55% for UE group, 44.93% for HE group, 25.38% for UEE group, and 18.36% for HEE group. And in the cases of the rates of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, as the concentration of each extract increased, the inhibition rate increased accordingly. As a result of comparison between hot water extract method and UMPM extract method using extracts obtained from oriental medicine compound medium where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, all of the extracts were judged to have a high anti-oxidization effect. In particular, UMPM extracts were found to have higher polyphenol content, SOD-like activity, EDA, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to hot water extract method. In this regard, extracts obtained from OCM where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured are considered to have high availability as functional material when and if they are prepared using UMPM extract method.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2007

Crude extracts of 69 marine organisms (27 salt marsh plants and 42 seaweeds) were screened for the inhibitory activity against the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1) in vitro. The most active extracts were methanol extracts from Derbesia marina (80.6% in inhibitory activity) and Symphycladia latiscula (85.6%) at the concentration of $15{\mu}g/mL$. Methanol extracts of Codium adhaerens and Hisikia fuziformis were moderately inhibitory with 71.2 and 69.1% inhibition, respectively. It was peculiar that only the extracts from seaweeds show inhibitory activity where those from salt marsh plants do not show any significant effect.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.367.3-368
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• 2002

The ginsenosides content of ginseng radices extracts were investigated in the Food Code and the Shibata methods. Crude saponins and each ginsenosides content of the manufactured ginseng radix alba extracts were revealed to be higher than those of the manufactured ginseng radix rubra extracts. A large amount of a ginseng radix rubra specific component(ginsenoside Rg3) was shown in the manufactured ginseng radix rubra extracts. Also a large amoung of ginsenoside Rg3 was shown in the manufactured ginseng radix alba extracts. (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 1994

Red ginseng extracts accounted for the major precipitating material in red ginseng drink prepared with various components and pasteuralized at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Precipitates in red ginseng extracts isolated by centrifugation were investigated for its chemical components and physicochemical properties. Recovery of precipitates in red ginseng extracts was 1.59% on a dry weight basis. Precipitates were composed of starch (71.47%), crude protein (21.75%), pectin (1.70%), polyphenol (2.97%) and calcium (3.83 ppm) but ginsenosides were not present. Absorption peak at 285 nm which appeared in red ginseng extracts was absent in the precipitates. pH and Hunter L value of the precipitates decreased, while Hunter a and b values increased in contrast to red ginseng extracts. Precipitates were solubilized to some extent in polar solvent. The shape of precipitate particle was round, sciral or irregular square. Particle size of precipitates varied from 0.17 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 41.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in length.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.421-425
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• 2001

Antioxidative effects of crude chlorophylls and carotenoids extracts from mustard leaf kimchi on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, egg phosphatidyl choline (EPC) liposome and superoxide anion radical were examined. The extracts were found to inhibit the increase of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and show the effect of antioxidative activity on the liposomal phospholipid membrane. The oxidation index of EPC liposome was markedly decreased in the prescence of the extracts. The antioxidative activity of the extracts from mustard leaf kimchi was not related with fermentation period of the kimchi. The extracts from mustard leaf showed the similar antioxidative activity of $\alpha$-tocopherol within in the given level of addition. However, the oxidation index. When the effect of the extracts from mustard leaf kimchi on free radical scavenging was observed by the determination of the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, it had similar value to that of $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2011

본 실험은 전통발효식품인 청국장의 기능성 및 품질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 생약초(표고버섯, 더덕, 어성초) 추출물을 각각 동량 섞어 제조한 것을 청국장환에 10%, 20% 및 30% 첨가하여 제조한 다음 이들의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 생약초 추출물 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 색도 중 L값과 b값은 다소 증가하였으며, pH의 경우 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 일반성분 중 조단백질, 조지방과 조섬유 함량은 생약초 첨가수준이 높을수록 다소 감소하였으며, 수분과 회분은 증가하였다. 구성 아미노산 함량은 glutamic acid > aspartic acid > leucime > arginine 순이었으며, 지방산 조성의 경우 linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid 순으로 나타났다. 경도의 경우 추출물 첨가수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 더덕의 지표 성분인 조사포닌과 어성호에 많이 함유된 쿼세틴 함량을 분석한 결과 생약초 함량이 증가할수록 증가하는 정의 상관관계를 보여 생약초 추출물 30% 첨가구가 가장 많은 함량 분포를 보였다. 첨가수준별 청국장의 관능검사를 실시한 결과 생약초 추출물 20% 첨가하여 제조한 제품이 기호도면에서 가장 좋은 점수를 받았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 생약초 추출물 첨가한 청국장환은 추출물 함량이 증가할수록 영양성분이나 기능성 물질의 함량이 대부분 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, 관능검사를 실시한 결과 생약초 추출물을 20% 첨가하여 제조한 청국장환 제품이 기호도면에서 가장 좋은 제품으로 판단되어, 소비자들의 기호도를 고려한 최종 제품은 생약초 추출물을 20% 까지 첨가하여 제조하는 것이 가장 좋은 제품으로 나타났으며 이러한 사실은 여러 가지 생약초가 갖는 장점 등을 청국장환에 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 시사한다고 볼 수 있다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.107-117
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• 1998

특수 가금육인 꿩고기의 이용성을 높이고 가공에 대한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 꿩고기에 단백분해 효소를 작용시켜 추출물을 제조할 때 추출온도, 시간 및 사용한 효소의 첨가량에 따라 추출물의 조단백질 함량, 아미노태 질소 함량, 가수분해율 및 수율, 아미노산 조성 등을 분석하였다. 꿩고기 추출물 제조시 $130^{\circ}C$에서 추출한 조단백질의 함량은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 추출한 것보다 현저히 증가하였으나 아미노태 질소의 함량은 별 차이가 없었다. 꿩고기에 단백질분해 효소인 protease NP, prozyme A를 처리하면 조단백질의 함량 및 아미노태 질소 함량이 상당히 높아 졌으며 protease NP가 더욱더 실용적이었다. 꿩고기로부터 얻어지는 추출물의 수율은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 처리한 것은 2.24~7.10%, $130^{\circ}C$에서 5.51~10.45%이었으며, 추출 시간 및 효소 첨가량에 의한 영향은 비교적 적었다. 꿩고기의 추출 수율은 추출온도, 효소의 종류, 효소 첨가량, 추출시간의 순으로 영향을 미쳤다. 아미노태 질소 함량은 효소 처리한 것이 가장 높았으며, 효소 첨가량, 추출시간, 추출온도의 순으로 영향을 미쳤으나 처리간 함량의 변화는 적었다 꿩고기 추출물의 유리 아미노산 함량은 protease NP로 처리하는 것이 $100^{\circ}C$ 또는 $130^{\circ}C$에서 가열 처리하는 것보다 현저히 높았다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the effects of immuno-modulating activities of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. fractionized by consecutive solvent separation. The Cytotoxicity of all fractionized extracts on human kidney cell (HEK293) was lower than crude extracts. Generally, the butanol and chloroform extracts showed less cytotoxicity on about 10.07% and 9.67% than the crude extracts. For human immune B and T cell growth, chloroform fraction showed the highest cell growth compared to the control. The secretion of cytokines (IL-6, $TNF-\alpha$) on human B and T cells were increased by adding chloroform extracts. Also, NK cell growth was significantly improved up to nearly 30% by adding the supernatant of B cell medium grown with the chloroform fraction. It was also found that chloroform fraction could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than untreated control cells. Differentiation of HL-60 cells was increased up to 131.9% after treatment with chloroform fraction extracts, compared to the control. These results indicate that the chloroform fraction of R. sachalinensis have high immune activation activity than others fractions and the crude extracts, implying that this chloroform fractions could be used a new functional material.