• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 1998

Of crude extracts from 30 species belonging to the 21 families of medical plants, the crude extracts from Cinnamomum cassia, Paeonia moutan, Dictamnus dasycarpus showed highly antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1 and R. solani AG2-2. The antifungal activity of C. cassia and P. moutan against R. solani AG1-1 were the highest through 100% methanol extraction, but the one of D. dasycarpus were the highest through 80% methanol extraction. On the other hand, against R. solani AG2-2 the antifungal activity of them were the highest through 100% methanol. C. cassia P. mouton and D. dasycarpus showed over 60% inhibition of mycelial growth against R. solani AG1-1 and R. solani AG2-2 on up to 500 fold dilution. The crude extract of P. moutan showed broader antifungal spectrum compared with those of C. cassia and D. dasycarpus. The crude extract of C. cassia was not phytotoxic at over 250 fold dilution and the crude extract of P. moutan was not phytotoxic at over 100 fold dilution. The crude extract of D. dasycarpus was not phytotoxic even at full concentration. The control values of P. moutan and D. dasycarpus were increased 75.0% and 79.1% respectively 30 days after treatment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.365-370
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the influence of extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium on hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Experimental animals were divided into 7 groups : normal control group(NC), diabetes control group (DC), positive control group(PC), non-fermented OCM(oriental medicine & cereal medium) extracts group (UM), crude polysaccharide of non-fermented OCM extracts group (UME), fermented OCM extracts group (UF), crude polysaccharide of fermented OCM extracts group (UFE). NC, DC groups were orally administered saline, PC group was orally administered acarbose. UM, UME, UF, UFE groups were orally administered each extract once a day for 14days. Blood glucose level was lower in the all administering OCM extract groups (UM, UME, UF, UFE) than in the diabetes group(p<0.05), and specially UF, UFE groups were similar to tendency of PC group. ALT, ALP activity in OCM groups were not significantly lowered than PC group(p<0.05). AST activity was not different with PC group. The results of this study show that extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium may have a beneficial effect on the hypoglycemia.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2017

Bacteria are among the most common causes of severe diseases in both plants and animals. Salmonella spp. has deleterious effects and is the cause of various transmittable diseases. Because of strains resistivity, side effects and high prices of synthetic antibiotics, it has become essential to explore safe and economical natural sources of antibiotics. In this study, growth inhibitory effects of natural antibiotics present in crude extracts of Galla rhois, Thujae semen, Paeonia japonica, and Armeniacae semen were investigated both in vivo and iv vitro. Ethanol extracts of the above-mentioned plants were prepared and tested against seven serovars of Salmonella and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion method. In addition, the antibacterial effects of the plant extracts were determined in vivo using ducks as model animals. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using blood and fecal samples of control, infected, and treated groups of the ducks to determine the gene expression levels of the bacteria. Our results confirmed that the Galla rhois ethanol extract had the highest antibacterial activity among the plant extracts when they were used individually. However, the Galla rhois, Thujae semen, and P. japonica ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects against all the bacterial species used when the extracts were combined at a ratio of 3:3:2, respectively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.797-801
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• 1997

Recently we reported that water extracts of Coptidis Rhizomas showed calcium antagonistic action and alpha-adrenoceptor inhibitory action in the vascular smooth muscle. Since ca lcium antagonistic properties are important in the treatment of various diseases including asthma. In the present study, the bronchodilatory effects of crude extract of three kinds of Coptidis Rhizoma (Coptidis chinensis, Coptis japonica and root hair of Coptis japonica) was investigated using rat isolated trachea. The result showed that all extracts relaxed carbachol-contracted tracheal smooth muscle. Concentration-dependently, in which the root hair of Coptis japonica was the least potent. The inhibitory potency expressed in terms of $IC_{50}$ against carbachol contraction was 1.8${\mu}$g/ml and 2.7${\mu}$g/ml for Coptidis chinensis and Coptis japonica, respectively. These extracts also inhibited KCI-contracted tracheal smooth muscle. But the relative potency ($IC_{50}$) was 3.5 and 4.1 folds weaker than carbachol-induced contraction for Coptidics chinenesis and Coptis japonica, respectively. Pretreatment of crude extracts also inhibited carbachol- or KCI-induced contraction, non-competitively. These findings indicate that the extracts have muscarinic blocking as well as $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocking action. When provoked intracellular stored $Ca^{2+}$ release by carbachol in $Ca^{2+}$-free conditions, initial phasic contraction due to $Ca^{2+}$ release was significantly inhibited by the extracts. As taken together, we conclude that water extracts of Coptidis Rhizoma may be beneficial in bronchospasm or other broncheal tube narrowing conditions such as asthma.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2021

After ethanol (BM-E and RW-E) and hot-water (BM-HW and RW-HW) extracts were fractionated from two herbal mixtures (BM and RW), their physiological activities were investigated. All extracts consisted of more than 50% of neutral sugar, with their total polyphenol levels higher than flavonoid levels. Radical scavenging activities of EtOH extracts remained significantly higher compared to that of hot-water extracts, and in particular, RW-E showed consistently higher antioxidant activity than BM-E. When anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at 10~500 μg/mL non-cytotoxicity doses, BM-E showed significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide inhibitory activity than those of hot-water extracts and RW-E. Murine peritoneal macrophage cells were shown to be enhanced in crude polysaccharides (BM-CP and RW-CP fractionated from BM-HW and RW-HW) compared to hot-water extracts and polysaccharide K (PSK, positive control). Especially, RW-CP exhibited higher activity than BM-CP, and component sugar analysis showed that BM-CP mainly contained galacturonic acid, glucose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose (34.5%, 33.9%, 16.1%, 7.1%, and 6.3%, respectively), whereas RW-CP showed different measurements (29.5%, 59.2%, 5.0%, 4.5%, and 0.2%). In conclusion, two herbal mixtures could contain varying sets of physiological activities dependent on different extraction and fractionation methods.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

This study was designed to develop a manufacturing process for ginseng concentrate with reduced unpleasant aroma and bitter taste. Two types of ginseng, white and red, were extracted under six different conditions (the 1st to the 6th step) of temperature ($65{\sim}95^{\circ}C$) and ethanol concentration (0~70%). Six extracts of each ginseng were evaluated by a sensory test, and assayed for crude saponin, ginsenosides, and acidic polysaccharides. The content of crude saponin in the extracts decreased with extraction time. There was no significant difference in the crude saponin content between white and red ginseng extracts. The yield of red ginseng extract was higher (45%) than that of white ginseng. No significant difference was observed in the acidic polysaccharide content between red and white ginseng extracts. $Rg_3$, a specific ginsenoside in red ginseng, was detected in the 1st to 6th extracts of red ginseng. Bitterness, astringency, and sourness of ginseng extracts decreased as the extraction steps proceeded. The composite of the 1st, 2nd, and 6th step extracts decreased bitterness and astringency, and the highest overall acceptance. Compared with commercial beverages, the composition of the three extracts is the desirable method to decrease the bitter and astringent tastes, and the overall unpleasant flavor of ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2013

Proximate composition, total phenolics and total flavonoids level, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity were determined in the methanol extracts of different plant parts of Youngia sonchifolia at reproductive growth stage. Crude protein and crude fat were present as the highest amount in flowers, and crude fiber in the stems and roots. The highest content of phenolics [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ dry weight (DW)] was found in flowers (highest) and followed by leaves, stems and roots (lowest). Flavonoids [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] level, however, showed the highest in leaf extracts and lowest in root extracts. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity (%). DPPH radical scavenging activity were highest in root extracts ($IC_{50}=1,135.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) and followed by leaf, stem and flower extracts. By way of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, methanol extracts of roots showed the highest anticancer activity on human cancer cell line Calu-6 for human pulmonary carcinoma ($IC_{50}=196.3\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) and HCT-116 for human colon carcinoma ($IC_{50}=623.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.524-528
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• 2002

The study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of grape seed extracts by measuring acid value, peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS value) and electron donating ability by 1,1-dipheny1-2-pycryl hydrazil (DPPH) method. Total phenol content of freeze dried crude solvent extracts increased in the order of ethanol>acetone>hot water. Among extracts, the total phenol content of 70% ethanol extract of grape seed (GSE) was the highest, 51%. Besides the total phenol, the other major components of GSE were crude carbohydrate (29.63%), crude protein (3.38%) and crude lipid (2.84%). The acid values of crude rice bran oil containing GSE or several antioxidants at the concetration of 0.01% were 52.3 for the control, 0.5 for GSE, 2.3 for dibutyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), 45.0 for tertiarybutyl hydroxy quinone (TBHQ), 29.9 for tocopherol and 37.7 for ascorbic acid. The POVs for linoleic acid methyl ester in the presence of 0.01% antioxidants were 1220 meq/kg in control, 55 meq/kg in GSE, 104 meq/kg in BHT, 952 meq/kg in tocopherol and 71 meq/kg in GSE, 37% in BHT, 37% in tocopherol and 52% in ascorbic acid. The electron donating abilities by DPPH in the presence of 0.01% antioxidants were 95.3% in GSE, 75.0% in BHT, 96.3% in tocopherol and 98.2% in ascorbic acid. These results indicated that the antioxidants activities of GSE were significantly higher than those of several antioxidants compared.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was to analyze the definitions of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in the relevant laws and regulations, understand the related problems, and propose directions for improvement. Methods : I analyzed the legal definitions in respect of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in relevant laws and regulations since 1945, explained the problems, and suggested the solution-considering the academic stance of Traditional Korean Medicine and the dualistic medical and pharmaceutical system. Results : Herbs are defined as "refined things that are cut and dried in their most original state". The definition of crude drugs includes herbs and the "cell contents, secretion, extracts, minerals and other parts of animals and plants that are used medicinally". The concept of natural products is expanded to adding tissue cultures to the definition of crude drugs. Conclusions : The definition of herbs should at least include all products that are "processed, extracted and prepared" as well as contents that consist of various forms of hospital-prepared herbs. The term "herbal drug" corresponds to a traditional term of "drug", and this should be established as a concept to explain "drugs in raw materials that are used to prepare herbs and/or manufacture herbal medicine". The legal definition of herbs should include the concept of crude drugs. Herbal drug preparations and crude drugs should be included in the definition of herbal drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.733-738
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• 2012

Physiochemical characteristics of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem and antioxidant activities of its four extracts were analyzed. The chemical composition of L. Roem contained 93.69% moisture, 1.64% crude fiber, 0.52% crude protein, 0.27% crude fat, and 0.06% crude ash. The major minerals were potassium, phosphrous, and calcium. We also analyzed the major organic acids, acetic acid and succinic acid. In free amino acids, ${\beta}$-aminoisobutyric acid showed the highest concentration (100.74 mg/100 g), followed by phosphoethanolamine, urea, asparagine, and valine. Glutamic acid was the highest hydrolyzed amino acid with 1,039.99 mg/100 g followed by aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine. Four extracts from L. Roam, hot-water (LCH), cold-water (LCC), 80% ethanol (LCE), and methanol (LCM), were prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels of LCE exhibited higher than three extracts. The antioxidant potential of extracts from L. Roem were investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and NBT assays. Of the four extracts, LCE had relatively high antioxidant capability on DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities (12.13%, 16.88%, and 26.61%). Based on the above results, it is suggested that an 80% ethanolic extract from L. Roem was a natural antioxidant material for health food and should be a good ingredient for functional food.