• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2019

The characteristics of the rock cleavage of Jurassic Geochang granite were analysed using the parameters from the length and spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams. The evaluation for three planes and three rock cleavages was performed using the 25 parameters such as (1~2) slope angle(${\alpha}^{\circ}$and ${\beta}^{\circ}$), (3) intersection angle(${\alpha}-{\beta}^{\circ}$), (4) exponent difference(${\lambda}_S-{\lambda}_L$), (5~12) length of line(oa, ob, ol, os, ss', ll' and sl') and (13~15) length ratio(ol/os, ss'/ll' and ll'/sl'), (16) mean length((ss'+ll')/2), (17~23) area (${\Delta}oaa^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}obb^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}obb^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}oaa_a^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}obb_a^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}ll^{\prime}s^{\prime}$, ${\Delta}ss^{\prime}l^{\prime}$ and ⏢$ll^{\prime}ss^{\prime}$) and (24~25) area difference(${\Delta}obb^{\prime}-{\Delta}oaa^{\prime}$ and ${\Delta}obb_a^{\prime}-{\Delta}oaa_a^{\prime}$). Firstly, the values of the 11 parameters(group I: No. 1, 3~4, 7, 9~10, 13, 15~16, 20 and 25), the 3 parameters(group II: No. 5, 8 and 17) and the 2 parameters(group III: No. 12 and 22) are in orders of H(hardway) < G(grain) < R(rift), R < G < H and G < H < R, respectively. On the contrary, the values of parameters belonging to the above three groups show reverse orders for three planes. Secondly, the generalized chart for three planes and three rock cleavages were made. From the related chart, the distribution types formed by the two diagrams related to lengths and spacings were derived. The diagrams related to spacings show upward curvature in the chart of rift plane(G1 & H1, R') and hardway(H1 & H2, H). On the contrary, the diagrams related to lengths show downward curvature. These two diagrams take the form of a convex lens in the upper section. Besides, the two diagrams cross each other in the lower section. The overall shape formed by the above two diagrams between three planes($H^{\prime}{\rightarrow}G^{\prime}{\rightarrow}R^{\prime}$) and three rock cleavages($R{\rightarrow}G{\rightarrow}H$) display in reverse order. Lastly, these types of correlation analysis is useful for discriminating three quarrying planes.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.101-142
• /
• 1998

1. Objects The base of classification of Sasang Constitution was the different congenital formation of organs such as lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, and it was expanded from the viscera region of lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys to the body shape of trunk. The researched about body shape of Sasang Constitution have had points of issues which derived by measurement with hands. But this study was measured the characteristics of body shape putting in importance of anatomical position with the computerized 3-Dimension scanner, which minimized the errors of measurement, and it was abled the cubic measurement such as volume, area of cross section as well as round length. 2. Materials & Method The examinee was healthy male 40 persons and female 20 persons from 20's to 40's, who was diagnosed by the specialist of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. The body shape was measured round length, area of cross section, and volume of 31 anatomical points and the 25 hypothesis with the Rapid 3D Color Scanner Model 3030 RGB/PS. And the characteristics of each constitution's body shape was derived. 3. Results & Concousion In female, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk compared to other constitution, but Soyangin had only the smallest neck. Soeumin has the smallest round length of nipple and the $CV_{12}$, and Soyangin has the smallest breadth of ASIS. Soyangin had the smallest volume from thyroid bone to the highest points of armpits and from sternum to nipple. Taeumin had the largest volume from sternum to the $CV_{12}$ and from sternum to xiphoid process. In male, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk from the level of thyroid bone to ASIS. Soyangin has the longest distance and Soeumin has the shortest distance from nipple to the lowest of breast. Taeumin had the largest volume of trunk and Soeumin had the smallest volume of trunk. In the ration of four-Cho, Taeumin had the longest distance from the highest points of armpits to nipple and Soyangin had the shortest distance of that. Soyangin had the smallest ratio of the height of upper middle cho. Soeumin had the smallest ratio from the $CV_{12}$ to navel among trunk. In the correlation among the four Cho, Taeumin had the negative correlation between the Upper-Cho and the Lower-Middle-Cho significantly.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.66-75
• /
• 2008

This study examined the influence of the apical sizes on the sealing ability of a root canal filling. Thirty-six single rooted teeth with a single canal were divided into 3 groups (n = 12) and instrumented with either the $Profile^{(R)}$ or $LightSpeed^{(R)}$ system to achieve three different apical sizes (master apical file [MAF] of #25, #40, or #60). The teeth were filled with gutta perch a using a modified continuous wave technique. The level of microleakage was determined by immersing ten teeth from each group into India ink for 1 week followed by clearing with nitric acid, ethyl-alcohol, and methylsalicylate. The microleakage was measured using vernier calipers. The data was analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and a Student-Newman-Keuls Method. Two teeth from each group were sectioned horizontally at 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm from the apex in order to observe a cross section. The apical size was significantly (p < .05) influenced the level of microleakage. In the Student-Newman-Deuls Method, MAF sizes of #25 and #40; and MAF sizes of #25 and #60, respectively showed a statistically significant difference. There was no significant difference between #40 and #60. In most cross sections, oval-shaped canals were observed, and the irregularity of the internal surface increased with decreasing apical size. There was also an increase in the area of recess, which is the area where the canal space is not filled with either gutta-percha or sealer. When the root canals are filled using a modified continuous wave technique, canal filling with more consistent and predictable outcome may be expected as the apical preparation size is increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 2021

The pattern of the tree's internal swelling depends on many causes. Since it is difficult to detect these various causes of swelling with a general method, if the state of swelling for a long time cannot be confirmed, serious damage to the trees may occur due to enlargement of the swelling area. In the method of acquiring a tree tomography image, an impulse passing through the tree is generated by tapping the sensor with a rubber mallet, and the moving speed is recorded. In this paper, to measure cracks, cavities, and swelling due to physical damage, we developed a 3D viewer that can know the internal state of a tree using a tree cross-section image acquired from Arbotom to determine the degree of swelling inside the tree. Based on this, we tried to present data that can be referred to when surgical operation of trees is required. In order to acquire a tomographic image of a tree, 6 sensors were attached to the three Yangpala and Maple trees, and a 1 m-long tree was measured using the Arbotom program, and a 3D image was implemented through the 3D Viewer created using MATLAB. In addition to simply acquiring images, the cross-sectional length and volume of the tree were measured. In the actually produced 3D Viewer, the length of the part where the swelling of the maple tree occurred was 33.12 cm, and the swelling of the yangpala tree was measured as 21.41 cm. The volume of the maple tree was measured to be 78.832 ㎤. As a result of comparing the cross-sectional image of the Arbotom and the 3D image, the same result as the real aspect of the tree was obtained, so it can be judged that the reliability of the manufactured software is also secured, and data to be applied to the surgical tree operation through the created Viewer is provided. It is believed that the damage will be minimized.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.145-155
• /
• 2002

The results of the present feasibility study are summarized as follows, 1. The three unit bridge of knitted material and UD fibre reinforcement has both the rigidity and the strength against a vertical occlusal load of 75N. 2. Stress concentration at the junctional area between the bridge and the abutments, i.e. between the pontic and the knitted caps was observed. In the case of the bridge with reinforcement straps, it was partly shown that the concentration problem could be improved by simply increasing the fillet size at the area. Further refining in the surface of the junctional area will be needed to ensure a further improvement in the stress distribution. This will require some trade off in the level of the stress and the available space. A parametric study will help to decide the appropriate size of the fillet. 3. Design refinement is a must to improve the stress distribution and realize the most favourable shape in terms of fabrication. The current straight bar with a constant cross section area can be redesigned to a tapered shape. The curve from the dental arch should also be placed on the pontic design. In accordance with design refinement, the resistance of the bridge frame to other load cases should be evaluated. 4. Although not included in the present feasibility study, it is estimated that bridges of the anterior teeth can be made strong enough with the knitted material without further reinforcement using unidirectional materials. In this regard, a feasibility study on design concepts and stress analysis for 3, 4, 5 unit bridge is suggested. 5. Two types of bridge were analysed in terms of fatigue. The safe life design concept, i.e. fatigue design concept, looks reasonable for the bridge where if cracks should form and propagate there is virtually nothing a dentist to do. The bridge must be designed so that no crack will be initiated during the life span. In the case of crowns, however, if constructed with composite resin with knitted materials, it might be possible to repair them, which in general is impossible for crowns of PFM or of metal. Therefore for composite resin crowns, a damage tolerance design concept can be applied and reasonably higher operational stresses can be allowed. In this case, of course, a periodic inspection program should be established in parallel. 6. Parts of future works in terms of structural viewpoint which need to be addressed are summarized as the following: 1) To develop processing technology to accommodate design concepts; 2) More realistic modelling of the bridge and analysis-geometry and loading condition. Thickness variation in the knitted material, taper in the pontic, design for anterior tooth bridge, the effect of combined loads, etc, will need to be included; 3) To develop appropriate design concepts and design goals for the fibre composite FPD aiming at taking the best advantage of knitted materials, including the damage tolerance design concept; 4) To develop testing method and perform test such as static ultimate load test, fatigue test, repair test, etc, as necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.201-211
• /
• 2022

At the center of the Noryang waterway, the Gwangyang bay area (including the Yeosu Strait) is located at the west, and the Jinju bay area (including Gangjin bay and Sacheon bay) is located at the east. Freshwater from several rivers is flowing into the study area. In particula,r the event of flood, great quantities freshwater flow from Seomjingang (Seomjin river) into the Gwangyang bay area and from Gahwacheon (discharge from Namgang Dam) into the Jinju bay. The Gwangyang and Jinju bay are connected to the Noryang waterway. In addition, freshwater from Seomjingang and Gahwacheon also affect through the Noryang waterway. In this study, we elucidated the characteristics of the tidal exchange rate and residence time for dry season and flood season on 50 frequency, considering freshwater from 51 rivers, including Seomjingang and Gahwacheon, using a particle tracking method. We conducted additional experiments to determine the effect of freshwater from Seomjingang and Gahwacheon during flooding. In both the dry season and flood season, the result showed that the particles released from the Gwangyang bay moved to the Jinju bay through the Noryang waterway. However, comparatively small amount of particles moved from the Jinju bay to the Gwangyang bay. Each experimental case, the sea exchange rate was 44.40~67.21% in the Gwangyang bay and 50.37~73.10% in the Jinju bay, and the average residence time was 7.07~15.36days in the Gwangyang bay and 6.45~12.75days in the Jinju bay. Consequently the sea exchange rate increased and the residence time decreased during flooding. A calculation of cross-section water flux over 30 days for 7 internal and 5 external areas, indicated that the main essential flow direction of the water flux was the river outflow water from Seomjingang flow through the Yeosu strait to the outer sea and from Gahwacheon flow through Sacheon bay, Jinju bay and the Daebang waterway to the outer sea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.160-170
• /
• 2016

In this study, the bottom tracking observation in the tidal entrance within Mokpo coast is performed using ADCP in order to estimate net flux of water mass and tidal prism. First of all, observed rawdata was conducted coordinate rotation considering rotation of the cross-section in order to derive the predominant velocity component. And observed rawdata is converted into Sigma coordinate with normalization and blank zone data near the water surface and bottom is interpolated using von-Karman equation. Net flux of water mass is calculated quantitively from the interpolated data, calculated results show that these represent well characteristic of ebb superiority at Mokpo coast as well as change of net flux of water mass with tide. Also, by complementing the definition of tidal prism proposed in past studies, the definition of tidal prism including tidal condition was re-established. Based on the new definition, tidal prism at a tidal entrance using bottom tracking data with ADCP is estimated quantitively for the first time domestically. The results are compared with those for results of previous study, calculated results were in good agreement with previous studies.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 2017

The Naeseong Stream is a meandering sand-bed stream flowing through mountains and has so long maintained its geomorphological uniqueness characterized by extensive braided bare bars. Recently, its long-lasting landscape has been changed due to encroachment of vegetation. In this study being a part of long-term monitoring research morphological changes of the 56.8 km long study reach of the Naeseong Stream, which occurred during the period of 2012 - 2016 were analyzed. Airborne LiDAR and terrestrial cross-section surveys were carried out. Hydrological and on-site investigation data were also collected. Among the main four sites, two bend reaches showed point bars enlarged, while along the other two straight reaches mid-channel bars were either newly formed or increased in area and height. At the highest deposition point of each bar, vertical changes which were caused by one or two times of sediment deposition amounted to 0.6 - 1.4 m. On the contrary channel bed degradation was not obvious. Overall morphological changes in the study reach were attributed to deposition of sediment which occurred during the flood in July 2016 on the bar surfaces vegetated during the precedent dry seasons. These kind of geomorphological processes are thought to be the same as those related to the existing mid-channel islands along the mid- and downstream reach of the Naeseong Stream.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.130-137
• /
• 2017

Due to the economic growth and development of construction technology, a role of foundation to resist heavy loads has been increased. In this present study to improve the structural performance of reinforced concrete pile, the precast HPC pile reinforced with rebar and filling concrete was developed and the strength of pile was predicted based on the limit state design method. The safety of HPC pile strength was evaluated by comparing with the design values. The geometry of HPC pile is a decagon cross section with a maximum width of 500 mm and a minimum width of 475 mm, and the hollow head of pile thickness is 70 mm. The inner area of the hollow head part was made as the square ribbed shape presented in the limit state design code in order to achieve horizontal shear strength between pile concrete and filling concrete. From the shear test results, it was found that the stable shear strength were secured without abrupt failure until maximum load stage despite the shear cracks was found. Shear strength is 135% and 119% higher than that of design value calculated from limit state design code. The driving test results of HPC pile according to the presence of additional reinforcement showed the outstanding crack resistance against impact loads condition. From the bending test results the flexural load between PHC pile and HPC pile was 1.51 times and 1.48 times higher than that of the design flexural load of conventional PHC pile.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 1995

The test results from three one fourth scale models using high strength Reinforced Concrete $f_x=704\;kg/cm^2,\;f_y=5.830\;kg/cm^2$ are presented. Such specimens are considered to represent the critical 3 storics of 60-story tall building of a structural wall system in area of high seismicity respectively. They are tested under inplane vertical and horizontal loading. The main varlable is the level of axial stress. The amounts of vertical and horizontal reinforcement are identical for the three walls testcd. The cross-section of all walls is barbell shape. The aspectratio($h_w/I_w$) of test specimen is 1.8. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of levels of applied axial stresses on the inelastic behavior of high-strength R /C tall walls. Experimental results of high strength R /C tall walls subjected to axial load and simulated sels rnic loading show that it is possible to insure a ductlle dominant performance by promotmg flex ural yielding of vertical reinforcement and that axial stresses within $O.21f_x$ causes an increase in horizontal load-carrying capacity, initial secant st~ffness characteristics, but an decrease in displacement ductility. energy dissipation index and work damage index of high strength K /C tall walls