• 비교문화연구
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• 제27권
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• pp.497-523
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• 2012

Characteristics of the Listening and Pronunciation of Korean Obstruents of Chinese Learners -Based on the Phonetic Experiments Using Kalvin and Praat- This study aims at investigating the characteristics of confrontation in three ways, lax/ fortis/ aspirated consonants, in Korean obstruents through experimental phonetic analysis for the Chinese Korean language learners. On one hand, as a result of comparing Korean and Chinese obstruent systems, there is no big difference regarding the articulatory location. On the other hand, in regards to the articulatory method there is a difference. In a Korean obstruent system, the confrontation presented in three ways by the strength of aspiration. On the contrary, the Chinese obstruent system showed confrontation in two ways by the existence of aspiration. To examine the difficulty of the learners caused by the above-mentioned reason objectively, this paper studied the relationship between input and output of sound through the experimental phonetic analysis such as Kalvin and Praat. To research the input of sound, the listening ability of the learners was examined by 'Choosing Consonant' among the Menu of Kalvin. As a result of that experiment, many errors were shown. They recognized the fortis as lax in the area of affricates and plosives. In the area of fricatives, they recognized affricatives as fricatives. To investigate the output of sound, the section of aspiration and the section of friction of a plosive, an affricate and a fricative in Praat, were expressed numerically. The learners' VOT of lax and affricate represented that lax was pronounced close to the fortis, and the VOT of fricatives was not shown the section of aspiration and friction clearly, and also the result showed that they pronounced a fricative like affricative-aspirated one. The result shows that the learners' pronunciation is related to the listening ability. The consequence is caused by the characteristics of the difference between Korean obstruents and Chinese ones. If the training pronunciation is conducted based on above result, it would be a better methodology in teaching Korean.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2017

A meso-scale model is proposed to study filament-wound composites with fiber undulations and crossovers. First, the crossover and undulation region is classified as the circumferential undulation and the helical undulation. Next, the two undulations are separately regarded as a series of sub-models to describe the meso-structure of undulations by using meso-parameters such as fiber orientation, fiber inclination angle, resin rich area, fiber volume fraction and bundle cross section. With the meso-structure model and the classic laminate theory, a method for calculating the stiffness of filament wound composites is eventually established. The effects of the fiber inclination angle, the fiber and resin volume fraction and the resin rich area on the stiffness are studied. The numerical results show that the elastic moduli for the circumferential undulation region decrease to a great extent as compared with that of the helical undulation region. Moreover, significant decrease in the elastic and shear moduli and increase in the Poisson's ratio are also found for the resin rich area. In addition, thickness and bundle section have evident effect on the equivalent stiffness of the fiber crossover and the undulation region.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.94-102
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• 2013

본 연구는 단면변화를 고려한 수위-단면적 변화 및 평균 유속-단면적 간의 상관관계를 분석하여 유량 산정 및 하천관리에 활용하고자 하였다. 수위에 따른 단면적 변화는 SB-A 지점은 1.0 m, 1.9 m, SB-C 지점은 0.6 m, 1.8 m, CL-A 지점은 1.0 m, 1.8 m, OS-A 지점은 0.6 m, 2.0m에서 발생되었다. 이 중 첫 번째 변화는 평 저수기에 해당되고, 두 번째 변화는 홍수기 및 하천 좌 우 안에 인위적 자연적으로 형성된 둔치 등으로 판단된다. 수위-단면적 변화에 따른 관계식의 기울기는 지수형 0.5539~1.9013, 선형 9.040~52.544의 범위를 가진다. 기울기는 두 곡선 모두 고수위로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 평균유속-단면적 변화의 관계는 지수와 직선의 방정식으로 지수형 기울기와 상관계수는 각각 0.1182~0.8734, 0.22~0.86이며, 선형의 기울기와 상관계수는 0.0028~0.1032, 0.20~0.87로 분석되었다. SB-A, SB-C 지점의 저수위는 다른 수위보다 상관관계가 높게 산정되었는데, 이는 수위구간이 좁고, 하천 단면적의 변화가 크지 않기 때문으로 판단된다. CL-A, OS-A 지점은 월류보의 영향으로 저수위일 경우에 상관관계가 낮았다. 수위-단면적, 평균유속-단면적의 상관관계 및 곡선식 등을 이용하여 하천 정비계획 등의 수립에 활용할 수 있으며, 제외지의 단면적이 변하는 지점의 유량 변화 등의 예측에 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.293-306
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• 2024

Influenced by the alternating effects of dynamic and static pressure during the mining process of close range coal seams, the surrounding rock support of cross mining roadway is difficult and the deformation mechanism is complex, which has become an important problem affecting the safe and efficient production of coal mines. The paper takes the inclined longwall mining of the 10304 working face of Zhongheng coal mine as the engineering background, analyzes the key strata fracture mechanism of the large inclined right-angle trapezoidal mining field, explores the stress distribution characteristics and transmission law of the surrounding rock of the roadway affected by the mining of the inclined coal seam, and proposes a segmented and hierarchical support method for the cross mining roadway affected by the mining of the close range coal seam group. The research results indicate that based on the derived expressions for shear and tensile fracture of key strata, the ultimate pushing distance and ultimate suspended area of a right angle trapezoidal mining area can be calculated and obtained. Within the cross mining section, along the horizontal direction of the coal wall of the working face, the peak shear stress is located near the middle of the boundary. The cracks on the floor of the cross mining roadway gradually develop in an elliptical funnel shape from the shallow to the deep. The dual coupling support system composed of active anchor rod support and passive U-shaped steel shed support proposed in this article achieves effective control of the stability of cross mining roadways, which achieves effective control of floor by coupling active support and preventive passive support to improve the strength of the surrounding rock itself. The research results are of great significance for guiding the layout, support control, and safe mining of cross mining roadways, and to some extent, can further enrich and improve the relevant theories of roof movement and control.

• 청정기술
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2006

단면이 직사각형 형태를 갖는 마이크로채널에서 이론적인 퍼텐셜의 분포변화를 제타퍼텐셜과 수력학적 지름을 변수로 조사하였다. 그리고 종/횡(Height-Width) 비를 1, 1/2, 1/3로 변화시켜서 형태의 변화에 따른 퍼텐셜의 분포변화를 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 Comsol 사의 FEMLAB 3.0을 이용하여 전산 무사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 단면의 수력학적 지름이 감소함에 따라서 높이방향 표면이 퍼텐셜 분포에 미치는 영향이 일정한 영역까지 나타났다. 또한 단면의 중앙을 지나는 가상의 선상에서 퍼텐셜 값은 제타퍼텐셜에 정비례하여 증가하였으며, 퍼텐셜 값은 단면의 종/횡 비가 증가함에 따라서 그 기울기가 증가하였다. 그렇지만 전체적으로 보았을 때, 단면의 종/횡 비가 감소함에 따라서 전기이중층이 표면방향으로 압축되는 형태를 나타내었으며, 이는 제타퍼텐셜의 증가를 가져올 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2004

본 실험에서는 tripod polishing 방법을 이용하여 Pd/GaN/Sapphire 박막, PZT/MgO/Si 박막, 304 stainless steel 분말, $Mo_5Si_3/Mo_2B$ diffusion couple의 매우 다양한 물성이 포함된 불균질 재료의 TEM 시편을 제작하고 분석하였다. Tripod polishing을 사용하여 시편을 준비하면 시편의 종류에 관계없이 시편의 선단부에 매우 광범위한 전자빔 투과 영역을 지닌 TEM 시편을 얻을 수 있었으며, Pd/GaN/Sapphire 박막, PZT/MgO/Si 박막과 같이 기판이 경한 반도체 재료의 경우에는 연마 정도가 균일하며 연마과정 동안 오염이 심하지 않기 때문에 ion milling으로 cleaning 없이 TEM 관찰이 가능하다. 한편 304 stainless steel 분말과 같은 금속재료의 경우 짧은 시간의 ion milling 은 시편의 오염 제거에 도움된다. $Mo_5Si_3/Mo_2B$ diffusion couple에 형성된 실리사이드는 큰 취성 때문에 polishing 동안 시편이 깨지는 현상으로 전자가 투과할 수 있을 정도의 연마가 불가능하여 1시간 정도 ion milling 연마가 필요하다. Tripod polishing으로 TEM 시편을 준비하면 분석하고자 하는 지역을 정확하고도 넓게 연마할 수 있다. 또한 비교적 짧은 시간 내에 ion milling 없이 TEM 시편을 제작할 수 있기 때문에 ion milling에서 유발되는 여러 가지 문제점들을 해결할 수 있는 장점이 있었다. 그러나 tripod polishing은 전부 수작업으로 시편을 준비하기 때문에 시편을 제작하는 과정 동안 매우 세심한 주의가 요구되며 제작자의 숙련도와 경험을 필요로 하는 단점이 있다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

Sample preparation plays a critical role in microstructure analysis using TEM. Although TEM specimen has been usually prepared by jet-polishing or Ar-ion beam milling technique. these methods could not be applied to YBCO CC which is composed of IBAD or RABiTS substrates, several buffet layers, and YBCO superconducting layer because of big difference in mechanical strengths between the metallic phase and oxide phases. To obtain useful cross-sectional information such as interface between the phases or second phases in YBCO CC, it is prerequisite to secure the large area of thin section in the cross-sectional direction. The superconducting layer or the buffer layers are relatively weak and fragile compared to the metallic substrate such as Ni-5wt%W RABiTS of Hastelloy-based IBAD, and preferential removal of weak ceramic phases during polishing steps makes specimen preparation almost impossible. Tripod polisher and small jig were home-made and employed to sample preparation. The polishing angle was maintained <$1^{\circ}$ throughout the polishing steps using 2 micrometers attached to the tripod plate. TEM specimens with large and thin area could be secured and used for RABiTS/IBAD substrate analyses. In some cases, additional Ar-beam ion milling with low beam current and impinging angle was used for less than 30 sec. to remove debris or polishing media attacked to the specimens.

• 도시과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2022

Conventional RC beams for crossing small and medium-sized rivers do not have a cross-sectional area, so the floating debris is accumulated and disasters such as damage to bridges occur. To improve this, the PSC method was invented. However, this also had problems such as transverse curvature, increase in dead weight due to cross-sectional shape, and negative moment generated during serialization, so it was necessary to develop a new type of girder. Therefore, it was intended to propose a LIT(Leton Interaction Thrust) girder bridge that is safer and has better performance than the conventional PSC girder with improved section efficiency. Unlike existing girder bridges, the LIT girder has the feature that the change in the strands of the entire girder occurs only in the vertical direction when the first tension is applied because the tendon arrangement is symmetrical by applying the raised portion. In addition, slab continuation generates a secondary moment that is advantageous to the continuous point, effectively controlling the negative moment and preventing the corrosion of the tendon. The dimensions of the cross section were determined, and the arrangement of the strands was designed to conduct structural analysis and detailed analysis. As a result of the structural analysis, the stress of the girder showed results within the allowable compressive stress, and the deflection showed the result within the allowable deflection. showed results. In addition, a detailed analysis was performed to examine the stress distribution around the girder body and the anchorage area and the stress distribution of the embossed portion, and as a result, the stress of the girder body due to the tension force showed a stable level.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.168-179
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• 2022

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) occurring in underground buried pipes of API 5L X65 steel was investigated. MIC is a corrosion phenomenon caused by microorganisms in soil; it affects steel materials in wet atmosphere. The microstructure and mechanical properties resulting from MIC were analyzed by OM, SEM/EDS, and mapping. Corrosion of pipe cross section was composed of ① surface film, ② iron oxide, and ③ surface/internal microbial corrosive by-product similar to surface corrosion pattern. The surface film is an area where concentrations of C/O components are on average 65 %/16 %; the main components of Fe Oxide were measured and found to be 48Fe-42O. The MIC area is divided into surface and inner areas, where high concentrations of N of 6 %/5 % are detected, respectively, in addition to the C/O component. The high concentration of C/O components observed on pipe surfaces and cross sections is considered to be MIC due to the various bacteria present. It is assumed that this is related to the heat-shrinkable sheet, which is a corrosion-resistant coating layer that becomes the MIC by-product component. The MIC generated on the pipe surface and cross section is inferred to have a high concentration of N components. High concentrations of N components occur frequently on surface and inner regions; these regions were investigated and Na/Mg/Ca basic substances were found to have accumulated as well. Therefore, it is presumed that the corrosion of buried pipes is due to the MIC of the NRB (nitrate reducing bacteria) reaction in the soil.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.403-408
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• 1994

Catalytic slurry reactors, in which a solid maintained in the rom of fine particles suspended in a liquid, are frequently used in chemical and biochemical and industries. In these processes the particle loading is normally low so that the effects of particles on the liquid-film mass transfer coefacent and the gas-liquid interface area are assumed to be negligible. But it is known from the works, amongst others, that the finely powdered activated carbon can increase the gas-liquid mass transfer significantly in surface-aerated reactors. The stirred cell (13.2cm inside diameter) contained four baffles and at the stirring speeds range of 80 ∼ 300ppm, the gas-liquid interfacial area could be considered as that of the cross section of the vessel (that is, 130.1cm2). When the stirrer speeds were increased, the effective interfacial area was slightly higher than the geometric area and was obtained experimentally from the Danckwerts plots. Key Words : gas-liquid interfacial area, Duckwert's Plot stirred dell. mass transfer coefficient.