• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2013

This study examined cross-generational changes in the vowel system of Seoul Korean. Acoustic analyses of the vowel formants of /o/ and /u/, and their Euclidean distances in the vowel space were undertaken to explore an on-going merger of these two vowels as proposed in previous acoustic studies and a phonological analysis by Chae (1999). A robust cross-generational change of /o/ and /u/ was found, more evident for female speakers than for male speakers. For female speakers, with each successive generation, /o/ became increasingly approximated with /u/, regardless of the syllable positions that the target vowels were posited, whereas the cross-generational differences in the Euclidean distances were only shown in the second syllable position for the male speakers. These results demonstrate that 1) women are more advanced than men in the on-going approximation of /o/ and /u/; 2) the approximation of /o/ and /u/ is common in the non-initial position. Taken together, the merger of /o/ and /u/ appears to be in progress in Seoul Korean.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.251-281
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• 2015

This paper examines the perceptions of sustainability, which is conceptualised as cross-generational social preferences, on the formation of international environmental agreements (IEAs) in a two-stage game in two periods. There are two scenarios are considered: myopic and sustainable development scenarios. The myopic scenario assumes the decision makers only concern the present welfare. Whilst the scenario of sustainable development has two characters: cross-generational fairness and altruism. When both are taken into account, a coalition will be expanded. The numerical example indicates that the marginal cost of the total emissions is the crucial factor for the formation of IEAs. Only when the marginal cost is low, a sustainable system can be succeeded. While, the technological advancement may lead to a more efficient production per unit of emissions, it also encourages countries to emit more in total and have a lower level of welfare. The results confirm the importance of sustainability to IEAs. The lesson learnt from this study is: when decision makers are myopic, the system is unsustainable even if an IEA is formed. Only when the perception of sustainability is considered, the system could be sustainable. Regardless of the existence of IEAs, international environmental conventions shall not neglect the fundamental goal to pursue sustainable development.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2013

This is a follow-up study on Han and Kang (2013) which argued that the Euclidean distances between /o/ and /u/ in Seoul Korean decreased in the first syllable position as speakers were among younger female speakers but not for male speakers, whereas in the second syllable position both gender groups showed a cross-generational decreasing effect of the Euclidean distance between /o/ and /u/. This study normalized the same data in Han and Kang (2013) which measured 12 speakers (six males and six females) for each Age group and investigated the spectral changes vowels /o/ and /u/ between age and gender, using the log-mean normalized statistical results. This study also examined overlap fraction values generated in SOAM 2D ($F1{\times}F2$) (cf. Wassink, 2006), which may also indicate the proximity of two vowels in question. The results showed that /o/ and /u/ vowels were making closer with /o/ raising for female speakers in $V_1$ and $V_2$ positions but only in the $V_2$ position for male speakers. That is, females led the upward movement of peripheral /o/ vowel, just like the raising of 'e' and 'o' in New York City (Labov, 1991). The results also showed that younger speakers used a rather narrow vowel space for the vowels. This also contributed to the proximity of the vowels /o/ and /u/, resulting in rather large overlap fraction values for younger speakers between these two vowels.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2021

Purpose: Consumers have unique behaviors that are classified based on their interests and considerations before buying. They are predicted will change due to the pandemic of COVID-19. This study provides insights for retailers about the dynamic of consumer behavior before and during the pandemic, including future predictions. Research design, data and methodology: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement was applied in this study. Seven studies that were selected from five databases meet the criteria for cohort and cross-sectional analyses of gender, age, store types, and environmental concerns. Results: Consumer's gender and age contribute to consumer behavior change. Both offline and online stores can be integrated as omnichannel rather than substitute each other. Product distribution and consumer budget need to be reevaluated by retailers, while internet security is the most essential factor when developing their online transactions. Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on changing consumer behavior in most countries. Retailers are encouraged to adapt to the changes by modifying their business model with technology. However, it is still speculated and cannot be generalized due to different cultural and contextual factors. Future studies are always needed to synchronize along with the transition of consumers' behavior.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2014

This study investigated whether Korean vowels, /ɨ/ and /u/, are distinctively perceived after a labial consonant given the fact that native and Sino-Korean nouns showed only vowel /u/ after a labial consonant while this pattern was massively broken by the recent introduction of loanwords. For this purpose, a perception experiment was conducted with $V_1C_1V_2$ sequences in which different vowels /a, i, u/ and consonants /p, t, k/ occurred in $V_1$ and $C_1$ before the target $V_2$, /ɨ/ and /u/. The data was produced by six speakers each from two different age groups, Age20 and Age40/50 in the read speech style. The results showed that consonant /p/ attracted significantly more responses of /u/ from /VCɨ/ sequences and significantly less responses of /u/ from /VCu/ sequence than the other consonants did in both age groups. Furthermore, Age20 group showed significantly less percentage of /u/ responses than Age40 group when the preceding consonant was /p/ regardless of the target vowel. We suggest therefore that unlike the traditional belief of labial assimilation, there is neutralization after a labial consonant in which vowels /ɨ/ and /u/ are often realized as any sound between two vowels, /ɨ/ and /u/. That is, this vowel change is not categorial but it rather produces an ambiguous stimulus which attracts different responses from different listeners. Ambiguous stimulus was produced due to coarticulatory efforts in speech production and perceptual compensation. We also argue that there is generational difference such that Age40/50 group speakers showed stronger tendency to produce /u/ after a labial consonant regardless of whether the target vowel was /ɨ/ or /u/.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2014

이 논문은 TBC-TV의 '쇼쇼쇼'를 중심으로 한국의 음악버라이어티쇼가 어떻게 성장하고, 쇠퇴했는지를 살펴보려는 것이다. KBS-TV로 통폐합되기 전까지 토요일 저녁 8시 경에 방송을 했던 '쇼쇼쇼'는 온 가족이 주말 저녁 한 때를 즐겁게 보낼 수 있도록 해주었다. '쇼쇼쇼'는 다양한 장르의 음악들을 다루었고, 음악외에 무용, 코미디는 물론 각종 마술이나 묘기들도 선보였다. '쇼쇼쇼'는 1970년대 말까지 모든 세대에게 인기를 누린 프로그램이었다. 그러나 '쇼쇼쇼'는 점차로 음악버라이어티쇼다운 특성을 잃으며 음악 위주의 프로그램이 되었다. 또한 갈수록 성인 취향의 음악이 상대적으로 더 큰 비중을 차지하게 되었다. '쇼쇼쇼'는 통폐합의 영향으로 위축되기 시작하다가, 결국 시청행태 변화와 음악적 취향 분화의 영향으로 사라지고 말았다. '쇼쇼쇼'의 종영은 가족이 함께 보는 음악버라이어티쇼의 종말을 의미하는 것이었다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.361-404
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 시교차적 메타분석을 통해 1999년부터 2022년까지 한국 대학생들의 자기효능감 수준이 변화하였는지 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 한국 부모들의 민주적인 양육 태도 증가, 한국 대학생들의 나르시시즘 수준 상승 및 한국의 개인주의화로 인하여 대학생들의 자기효능감이 증가했을 가능성과, 경제적 불평등의 증가, 계층 이동 가능성의 감소 및 취업 시장 불안정성의 증가로 인하여 대학생들의 자기효능감이 감소했을 가능성을 모두 고려하였다. 연구 문제를 검증하기 위하여 1999년부터 2022년 사이에 출판된 한국 대학생 대상 자기효능감 연구 293개(연구 참가자 수 총 88,904명)를 분석하였다. 분석에는 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되는 자기효능감 척도 세 가지를 사용한 연구, 연구 참가자가 한국 대학생들인 연구, 자기효능감을 1회 측정한 횡단 조사 연구 및 분석에 필요한 통계치를 제시한 연구들이 포함되었다. 분석 결과, 1999년부터 2022년까지 한국 대학생들의 자기효능감 수준에서 시간의 흐름에 따른 변화가 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 추가적으로 20년 전, 15년 전, 10년 전, 5년 전 및 동 시점의 사회적 지표들과 자기효능감의 상관 관계를 살펴본 결과, 모든 시점에서 출생률과 소비자 물가등락률은 자기효능감과 부적 상관을 보였으며, 국민총소득은 자기효능감과 정적 상관을 보였다. 본 연구는 최초로 한국 대학생들의 자기효능감 수준을 시교차적으로 분석하고, 시교차적 메타분석 기법의 적용과 다양한 후속 연구를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하였으며, 세대론을 간접적으로 검증하였다는 의의를 지닌다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 한계점 및 후속 연구 방향을 논하였다.