• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_1
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• pp.1507-1515
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• 2021

If chlorophyll-a is estimated through ocean color remote sensing, it is able to understand the global distribution of phytoplankton and primary production. However, there are missing data in the ocean color observed from the satellites due to the clouds or weather conditions. In thisstudy, the missing data of the GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) chlorophyll-a product wasreconstructed by using DINEOF (Data INterpolation Empirical Orthogonal Functions). DINEOF reconstructs the missing data based on spatio-temporal data, and the accuracy was cross-verified by removing a part of the GOCI chlorophyll-a image and comparing it with the reconstructed image. In the study area, the optimal EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) mode for DINEOF wasin 10-13. The temporal and spatialreconstructed data reflected the increasing chlorophyll-a concentration in the afternoon, and the noise of outliers was filtered. Therefore, it is expected that DINEOF is useful to reconstruct the missing images, also it is considered that it is able to use as basic data for monitoring the ocean environment.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.69-74
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficiency of bacteria removal of three different types of hand washing methods. This study performed a convenient sampling of 30 volunteers in cross-over design. The study divided the 30 volunteers into three random groups. The three groups were asked to use antiseptic soap, alcohol-based hand disinfectant, and disposable wet wipes respectively. The result of the study showed that mean log reduction values after each had washing method were $-0.45({\pm}0.69)$ with antiseptic soap and water, $-1.19({\pm}0.52)$ with alcohol-based hand disinfectant and $-0.75({\pm}0.58)$ with disposable wet wipes. The difference was statistically significant when using alcohol-based hand disinfectant compared to the other two methods (p=0.000). According to this study, alcohol-based hand disinfectant was the most effective product based on bacteria removal for hand washing. Advantages of using alcohol-based hand disinfectant are that it is cost-effective and easy to buy, also eco-friendly. Therefore, to prevent infectious disease, providing alcohol-based hand disinfectant to every corner of the community will be very helpful.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.143-148
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• 2018

Sodium silicate based silica aerogels are lower in cost than silica alkoxide based silica aerogels, but the demand is decreasing as their physical properties are lowered. In this research, acetonitrile as a drying control chemical additive (DCCA) is added in the sol state to improve the pore-structural properties of sodium silicate based silica aerogel by preventing the agglomeration of particles and cross-linked bond. The sodium silicate based silica aerogel by ambient pressure drying were prepared by sol-gel process. Acetonitrile/$Na_2SiO_3$ molar ratio of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 was added to the sol state. The physical properties of the final product were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared, contact angle measurement, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy. It was confirmed that the sample with adding 0.15 molar ratio of acetonitrile and sodium silicate showed a high specific surface area ($577m^2/g$), a high pore volume (3.29 cc/g), and a high porosity (93%) comparable to the pore-structural properties of silica alkoxide based silica aerogels.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2017

Curcumin have various health-beneficial properties in numerous studies. However, its bioavailability is low due to its limited intestinal uptake and rapid metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of newly developed sub-micron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility (Theracurmin(R) CR-033P). Plasma curcumin levels were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 h after Theracurmin(R) CR-033P intake using high-performance liquid chromatography. For analyzing pharmacokinetics of Theracurmin(R) CR-033P, eighteen healthy subjects were recruited and received Theracurmin(R) CR-033P at a single oral dose containing curcumin 30 mg. $C_{max}$ was 28.14 ng/ml, and the area under the curve for 8 h was estimated to be 104.36 ng/ml. Based on the area under the plasma concentration (AUC), the bioavailability of sub-micron particle curcumin was higher 22-, 35-, 28-fold than native curcumin in men, women, and all subjects, respectively. For comparing by formulation, seven healthy subjects were recruited and received two type of treatment: (1) existing dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 30 mg) ${\times}$ 3 capsule, (2) high dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 90 mg) ${\times}$ 1 capsule + placebo 300 mg ${\times}$ 2 capsule. In the cross-over study, there was no significant differences in $C_{max}$ and AUC of plasma curcumin. In conclusion, submicron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility significantly improved its oral bioavailability and women absorbed curcumin more effectively than men. Different formulation of Theracurmin(R) CR-033P has shown equivalent to the reference in terms of pharmacokinetics.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2004

Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) has been planted in Korean forests for several decades, primarily for erosion control and use as a fuel supply. To enhance its value, and especially potential use as lamina for structural glued laminated timber (glulam), log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine were evaluated in this study. Trees from pure pitch pine stands with an average diameter at breast height of 32 cm were felled and bucked into 3.6m long 15 cm minimum butt-end diameter logs. Over 80% of the logs were classified to No.2 or No.3 visual grade group. Upon sawing total lumber yield was 55.2%, 39.9% for structural glulam lamina, 7.2% for louver, and 8.1% for miscellaneous use. The final lumber yield for manufacturing structural glulam, after cross-cutting to eliminate knots and finger jointing, was only 15.3%. To enhance this manufacturing yield requires that the rate of knot-included lumber used as lamina be raised. However arrangement of the knot-included lamina, whose mechanical properties need to be accurately evaluated, must be optimized to minimize any reduction to the structural glulam strength. The log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine evaluated in this study are expected to facilitate proper planning for wood product manufacture in the Korean lumbering and glulam industrial field, which has not previously dealt with this species.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.902-915
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• 2022

Objective: Diet acidification supplementation is known to influence intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broilers. Alterations in intestinal barrier and microbiota have been associated with systemic inflammation and thus regulating bone turnover. Hence the effect of acidifier addition to drinking water on tibia mass and the linkages between intestinal integrity and bone were studied. Methods: One-d-old male broilers were randomly assigned to normal water (control) or continuous supply of acidified water (2% the blend of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid, lactic, and phosphoric acid) group with 5 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate for 42 d. Results: Acidification of drinking water improved the ash percentage and calcium content of tibia at 42 d. Broilers receiving acidified water had increased serum P concentration compared to control birds. The acidified group showed improved intestinal barrier, evidenced by increased wall thickness, villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and upregulated mucin-2 expression in ileum. Broilers receiving drinking water containing mixed organic acids had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as a lower population of Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the addition of acidifier to drinking water resulted in declined ileal and serum proinflammatory factors level and increased immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Concerning bone remodeling, acidifier addition was linked to a decrease in serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reflecting bone resorption, whereas it did not apparently change serum alkaline phosphatase activity that is a bone formation marker. Conclusion: Acidified drinking water increased tibia mineral deposition of broilers, which was probably linked with higher P utilization and decreased bone resorption through improved intestinal integrity and gut microbiota and through decreased systemic inflammation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2023

This study aimed to predict the shelf life of black soybean Sunsik to develop a functional labeling system for the product. The Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the shelf life by examining alterations in the dietary fiber and calcium levels of black soybean Sunsik stored at 25, 35, and 50℃ for 0, 6, and 12 months. Dietary fiber and calcium analyses were performed according to the experimental methods specified in the Food Code of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Both black soybean Sunsik (BS) and black soybean Sunsik containing nondigestible maltodextrin and calcium lactate (BSN) exhibited an upward trend in dietary fiber content after 12 months of storage, compared to their initial levels. During storage, the phytate in Sunsik degraded, releasing cations that facilitated the formation of new cross-links between pectic acid and middle lamella, which ultimately increased dietary fiber content. Conversely, the calcium contents of both BS and BSN decreased with prolonged storage. Based on these findings, the expected shelf life of BS and BSN was calculated as 15.65 and 28.34 months, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.639-650
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• 2023

The levels of harmful components in aerosols from heated tobacco products (HTPs) have been reported to be significantly lower than in cigarette smoke. However, it remains unclear whether the use of HTPs can mitigate the cardiovascular risks associated with cigarette smoking (CS). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term switch from CS to HTP use on cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR). Seven healthy male smokers completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial consisting of five days of CS, use of three different HTPs (IQOS use, IQ; lil SOLID use, LS; lil HYBRID use, LH), or non-smoking (NS). Each session was separated by a one-week washout period, and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting CAR were assessed before use of the product assigned to each session and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr after use. Levels of exhaled CO and COHb were statistically significantly reduced only during NS. There were no statistical changes in SBP and DBP within any session. However, in HRV spectral analysis, log-transformed high frequency (lnHF) increased statistically significantly in IQ, LS, and NS, respectively. Normalized HF (HFnu) was significantly increased in NS and LH, respectively. lnHF and HFnu showed significant interaction effects. The findings of this study suggest that a short-term switch to HTPs instead of CS may lead to different distribution patterns of CAR, primarily driven by enhanced cardiac vagal tone.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.302-316
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• 2023

Objectives: The study aim was to identify changes in the nutritional status of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic according to household income and demographic characteristics. Methods: Study participants were 2,408 adults aged 65 and over who participated in the 2019-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). To examine changes in nutrient intake levels resulting from COVID-19, data of 2019 and of 2020 were compared. Study participants were divided into three groups based on household income level to compare these changes. The changes were compared according to household income level, age group, and household type. Results: Percentages of recommended intakes for energy, protein, and most micronutrients were the lowest for the low-income group of both males and females in 2020. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) score was the lowest for the low-income group in both years. When comparing nutrient density for 2019 and 2020 by income group, the male low-income group experienced a decrease in nutrient densities of vitamin A, thiamine, calcium, and iron. For the same group, a decreased percentage for energy intake from protein was noted. Fruit intake was lowest in the low-income group for both males and females. Low-income males had the lowest intake levels for meat, fish, eggs, and legumes in both 2019 and 2020 and the lowest milk and milk product intake levels in 2020. Older adults living alone or single older adults with children had lower MAR scores than those living with a spouse. Older adults living alone experienced decreases in energy and thiamine and iron intake levels in 2020 compared to their intake levels in 2019. Conclusions: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrition intake levels worsened for older adult males in the low-income group and older adults living alone. This finding shows the need for a more systematic nutritional support strategy for the vulnerable older adults population in national disaster situations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2024

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is one of the representative biodegradable polymers with high ductility and processability to replace petroleum-based polymers. Many investigations have been conducted to broaden the applications of PBAT in a variety of industries, including the food packaging, agricultural mulching film, and logistics and distribution fields. Foaming process is widely known technique to generate the cell structure within the polymer matrix, offering the insulation and light weight properties. However, there was no commercially feasible foam product based on biodegradable polymers, especially PBAT, and maintaining a proper melt viscosity of the polymer would be a key parameter for the foaming process. In this study, chemical foaming agent and cross-linking agent were introduced to PBAT, and a compression molding process was applied to prepare a foam sheet. The correlation between cell morphological structures and mechanical and physical properties was evaluated. It was found that PBAT with foam structures effectively reduced the density and thermal conductivity, allowing them to be suitable for applications such as insulation and lightweight packaging or cushion materials.