• Journal of Information Management
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.133-159
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• 2010

Books in libraries can be highly refined information. Google invests digitization of books in libraries. But the digitization of books that has a variety of interests, coupled with several problems, including class action, in addition the many critical discussions are underway. Korea pushed the national digitization projects, what are libraries' digitizing their collection of many books. Of course, in publishing and digitization of the target is limited to books published ahead of Google. However, the Library Act was amended for the reposition of online materials, but only in the ways that Google's case is different. Library Act permits collection of online resources through the library to allow, the legislation can be considered as leading act. However, online data is publicly not available through the Internet, so this service hae limited means and range unlike Google. This paper, the digitization of books in the library due to copyright, examines the legal issues looking for the desirable solution. Physical library's main role had been kept the book, but we use the book in terms of policies needed to consider. To overcome these limitations of Copyright Act, this paper researches the relation of Google Book Search in our Copyright Act, and considers introduction as the fair use doctrine and the digital repository system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.439-455
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• 2018

This study was designed to analyze the behavior characteristics of people, who have the same or similar Investigative (I) and Enterprising (E) Holland code scores, toward their career commitment. The calculus of the two codes is .16, which means that they are inconsistent and full of oppositions. Especially, the focus of the analysis is whether there are any differences in career commitment between people who have similarly high or low scores of their I and E codes and, if there are differences, what are their characteristics The analysis shows that the participants with high scores of their I and E codes have strong career commitment. They are highly goal oriented and motivated and with a long future time perspective they seek for progress in their careers. Due to their high career expectations and career resilience, they are willing to invest in their careers and put up with a certain level of sacrifice. They place the emphasis on their independence and are not very influenced by the surrounding environment. While the participants with low scores of their I and E codes also perceive the importance of their career commitment, they are very much affected by people and external stimuli. As a result, their efforts in terms of their career commitment are easily disturbed and lowered. The critical factor causing the difference between these two types of people is related to the score of their Social(S) code. This research has the potential to provide improvement points for career counselling.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2004

Oxycarotenoids are oxygenated carotenoids that perform critical roles in plants. $\beta$-Carotene hydroxylase adds hydroxyl groups to the $\beta$-rings of carotenes and has been cloned from several bacteria and plants including Arabidopsis. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of $\beta$-carotene hydroxylase gene (Chyb) on the oxycarotenoids biosynthesis in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Construct of pGCHYB containing Chyb was established onto Gateway vector system (pENTR3C gateway vector and pH2GW7 destination vector). Arabidopsis thaliana (cv. Columbia) was transformed with Agrobacterium tumerfacience GV3101 harboring pGCHYB construct driven by 35S promoter and hygromycin resistant gene. Seven hundred bases paired PCR products, indicating the presence of Chyb gene, were found in the transformants by PCR analysis using Chyb primers. Hygromycin resistance assay showed that transgenes were stably inherited to next generation. The overexpression of the Chyb gene resulted in the decrease carotenoid content. Especially, astaxanthin unusual oxycarotenoid in wild type Arabidopsis was detected in the transgenic plants. This means that decreased carotenoids might be converted into astaxanthin metabolism with the aid of silent gene in the host.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.97-106
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• 2011

Mode choice model is an essential element for estimating- the demand of new means of transportation in the planning stage as well as in the establishment phase. In general, current demand analysis model developed for the mode choice analysis applies common parameters of utility function in each region which causes inaccuracy in forecasting mode choice behavior. Several critical problems from using common parameters are: a common parameter set can not reflect different distribution of coefficient for travel time and travel cost by different population. Consequently, the resulting model fails to accurately explain policy variables such as travel time and travel cost. In particular, the nonlinear logit model applied to aggregation data is vulnerable to the aggregation error. The purpose of this paper is to consider the regional characteristics by adopting the parameters fitted to each area, so as to reduce prediction errors and enhance accuracy of the resulting mode choice model. In order to estimate parameter of each area, this study used Household Travel Survey Data of Metropolitan Transportation Authority. For the verification of the model, the value of time by marginal rate of substitution is evaluated and statistical test for resulting coefficients is also carried out. In order to crosscheck the applicability and reliability of the model, changes in mode choice are analyzed when Seoul subway line 9 is newly opened and the results are compared with those from the existing model developed without considering the regional characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.377-393
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• 2016

Vehicle emissions have been known as a critical factor to give a negative impact on the public health. In particular, particulate matters(PM) and NOx are highly related with respiratory diseases such as asthma. This study aimed at analyzing spatio-temporal patterns of PM and NOx generated from urban freeway traffic. MOVES, which is a well-known emission analysis tool presented by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), was applied to estimate PM and NOx based on traffic volume and speed data obtained from Seoul Outer Ring Expressway during January~June, 2012. K-means clustering analysis was used for categorizing the Level of Vehicle Emissions(LOVE) to support more systematical identification of the significance of emissions. Then, spatio-temporal analyses of estimated emissions were conducted by LOVE. Finally, this study proposed a set of strategies to reduce both PM and NOx to enhance public health based on analysis results.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2005

If we could predict the necrosis of the flap caused by reperfusion injury, we can minimize the necrosis of the flap by taking appropriate action before necrosis begins. In this study, we examined whether we can predict the survival of flap under reperfusion injury or not, by measuring laser doppler flow meter values. We divided the group into the control and experimental groups corresponding to 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12hours after reperfusion(hours after ligation of auricular central artery). In each group, we examined necrotic change, perfusion unit (PU), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, angiography and pathologic findings. No necrosis was observed in the 6 and 8 hours group but 8, 18, 20 hours after ligation, necrosis was observed, Also in each of 9, 10 and 12 hours group (each group consisted of 20 flaps), necrosis were noted. According to the above data, the critical time of necrosis in the auricular skin flap model lies between about 8 to 9 hours. Comparing the PU between the necrosis and non-necrosis groups, the former group showed a mean 39.57 PU increase after 60 min of reperfusion, and the latter group showed a mean increase of 21.21 PU. We can conclude that better flow can dilute oxygen free radical into systemic circulation, and this means less injuries are caused on vessels. Our study implies that if blood flow increase is less than 30 PU, intensive care is needed to save the flap. Additionally, we found significant decrease of serum SOD and glutathione peroxidase in the necrotic group. Therefore, monitoring these serum markers will be helpful in predicting reperfusion injury and supplementing these enzymes could be helpful to save the flap. The laser doppler flow meter is thought to be helpful in clinical circumstances for evaluating the circulation of the flap after the operation. However, more accumulation of clinical studies should be necessary establishing useful clinical data.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 1998

The critical micelle concentrations($CMC^*$) of the mixed surfactant systems of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC) and nonionic surfactant Triton X-100(TX-100) in aqueous solutions of salts(KCl and $Na_2CO_3$) and isomeric butanols(tert-butanol, iso-butanol and n-butanol) were determined by UV spectroscopy method. The various thermodynamic values in aqueous solutions of salts and isomeric butanols were compared with the values in pure water, calculated by means of the equation derived from the pseudo-phase separation model. Thermodynamic parameters($X_1$, $\beta$, ${\gamma}i$, $ai^M$, $C_i$ and ${\Delta}H_{mix}$) were found to have great effects of salts and isomeric butanols on the mixed micellization of CPC/TX-100 mixtures, and also in good agreements with the nonideal mixed micelle model. They showed all negative deviations from the ideal mixed micellar behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.105-114
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• 2018

Membrane fouling in EC-MBR (Electro-Coagulation aided Membrane Bio-Reactor) processes was evaluated according to the operating parameters, such as current density and contact time. In addition, the fouling mechanism was investigated. Compared to the control (i.e., no electro-coagulation), membrane fouling for filtration of the activated sludge suspension after electro-coagulation was reduced significantly. Membrane fouling was improved further when the contact time was doubled under a low current density of $2.5A/m^2$. On the other hand, membrane fouling was not mitigated further, as expected, even though the contact time was doubled from 12 to 24 hr. at a current density of $10A/m^2$. This indicates that the overall decrease in membrane fouling is a function of the product of the current density and contact time. The particle size of the activated sludge flocs after electro-coagulation was changed slightly, which means that the membrane fouling reduction was not attributed to a larger particle size resulting from electro-coagulation. The experimental confirmed that the dynamic membrane made from aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, and/or aluminum phosphate, Al(PO4), which had been formed during the electro-coagulation, played a key role on the reduction of membrane fouling. The dynamic membrane prevents the particles in the feed solution from deposition to the membrane pores and cake layers. Dynamic membrane formation as a result of electro-coagulation plays a critical role in the mitigation of membrane fouling in EC-MBR.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.585-597
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• 2013

In this study, in order to evaluate stability of the room-and-pillar underground structure, a series of preliminary numerical analyses were performed. Design concept and procedure of an underground structure for obtaining a space are proposed, which should be different from structural design for the room-and-pillar in mine. With assumed material properties, a series of numerical analyses were performed by varying size ratios of room and pillar and then the failure modes and location at yielding initiation were investigated. From the results, relationship between the ratio of pillar width to the roof span (w/s) and overburden pressure at failure initiation shows a relatively linear relation, and the effect of w/s on structural stability is much more critical than the ratio of pillar width and height (w/H) which is a crucial parameter in design of the room-and-pillar mining. It means that roof tensile failure and shear failure at shoulder and pillar are necessary to be considered together for confirming overall structural stability of the room-and-pillar structure, rather than considering the pillar stability only in mining. Failure modes and location at failure initiation were varied with respect to the ratio of room and pillar widths. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously consider stability of both roof span and pillar for design of underground structure by the room-and-pillar method.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

Purpose - The market orientation of a manufacturer is a very critical competitive advantage factor in the development of new markets and the sustainability and maintenance of existing ones, achieved through the design of customer-oriented products. This is recognized as a virtuous circle, in which firms grow by means of promoting quality management. However, though market-oriented activities are important in management and operations, they seem to be promoted mainly by large-scale enterprises rather than by small- and medium-scale firms, the latter having invested relatively few company resources. Furthermore, few studies and analyses have examined how market orientation relates to the expansion of quality programs within organizations or with business performance; the market orientation and customer-orientation concepts are mixed together when both are used in research. Given the current market situation in which the servitization of manufacturing firms is rapidly expanding, this study's analysis of the effect on market orientation of manufacturers is a significant contribution. From this perspective, this study has several objectives. First, is to analyze and suggest the relationship between market orientation and quality management activity for manufacturers, focusing on three sub-activities: products, process, and quality management activities. Second, it is intended to identify correlation between manufacturers' market oriented activity and their management performance and then to analyze how market orientation affects business performance. The results of a number of prior studies on the correlation between market orientation and management performance have indicated that market orientation does affect management performance. Third, this study also investigates whether any differences in the relationship among market orientation, quality management activity and business performance occur according to company size. The results are used to present operational suggestions for large- and small- and medium-size firms. Research design, data, methodology - This study seeks to analyze and identify the causal features of the organic relationship among market orientation, quality management, and management performance for Korean manufacturing companies using three years (2005-2007) of market orientation, quality management, and business performance data. Subsequently, structural equation modeling was used to analyze the causal features of related factors and it aims to identify the features of market orientation, quality management, and business performance. Results - The analysis examined how market orientation affected the quality management and management performance of 159 smalland medium-size companies. In particular, enterprise quality management was analyzed in relation to management performance with a focus on activities such as leadership, measurement and improvement, quality control, cost management, and process management. Conclusions - The result of the analysis show that market orientation significantly affected all of the quality management activities and that market orientation in turn significantly affected organizational performance. The result of analysis indicate that quality management activities have a significant effect on quality control and cost management.