• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2012

The competition between green manure and forage crops frequently occurred at agricultural field because of soil fertility and livestock feeding selection. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects shoot and residue for green manure and forage production by leguminous crops and barley mixtures at paddy. Field experiments were conducted at paddy soil from 2008 to 2009. Treatments consisted of mixture and inter-seeding of barley and leguminous crops (hairy vetch and crimson clover). These treatments were divided into cutting height of 8 and 25 cm for using of green manure and forage at once. The residue biomass of 25 cm cutting height was higher than 8 cm and were no significantly between mixture and inter-seeding. However, residues of legume crop were significantly higher at inter-seeding than mixture. The shoot biomass of 8 cm cutting height was higher than 25 cm for forage using. The production of legume crop was high at the barley and hairy vetch seeding plot. The mixture of hairy vetch and barley showed the best biomass of shoot and residue for green manure and forage using at 25 cm of cutting height. Also this treatment could be possible to rice cultivation by no fertilization. Therefore, we suggested that 25 cm cutting of hairy vetch and barley mixture could be used for green manure and forage at the same time under rice-based cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol content and composition were found to vary with enviromental factors such as growth temperature, varietal origin, and cultivation method. Therefore, the effect of green manure treatments will be also be an important factor in their content. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanols extracted using dichloromethane/methanol were analyzed equipped liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A total of ten components of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol including ${\Delta}7$-stigmastenyl ferulate were isolated of which, cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice variety, Unkwang. The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content in rice, in the presence of nitrogen fertilization using green manure was similar to conventional nitrogen fertilization, but was higher than the control(no fertilizations). The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol ontent in rice, in the presence of hairy vetch as green manure crop was the highest compared to other crops (opium-poppy, crimson clover, cornflower). As a result of PLS-DA using SIMCA 11.0 ver. as multivariate analysis program on the basis of total data, in all samples, the specific pattern and cluster of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol scores according to green manure crops and conditions were confirmed with possible distinguishing nitrogen effects. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen contained in the green manure crops is considered to play a major role in the formation of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. Hairy vetch which contains higher nitrogen increased the concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol in rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.650-658
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• 2010

We used green manure crops such as hairy vetch, crimson clover, rye, sorghum, and sudan grass by mixing with soils to assess the effects of green manure crops on nutrient supply and soil quality improvement. Temporal changes in soil inorganic nitrogen, carbohydrate, microbial biomass, and humus content were determined as soil quality indicators. Inorganic nitrogen content of the control maintained similar level during the whole period, but it had continually increased until 4 weeks after incorporation (WAI) of green manure crops. Especially, inorganic nitrogen content sharply increased in sudan grass. After incorporation of green manure crops, temporal change of soluble sugar in soils was as follows: it had gradually increased in legume green manure crops-incorporated soils until 7 WAI, which was the highest, and then showed the tendency to be reduced. Meanwhile, it in non-legume green manure crops-incorporated soils rapidly increased after the incorporation, and reached the maximum around 4 WAI. Humic acid by the decomposition of crop residues in green manure crops-incorporated soils was greatly enhanced with the elapsed time of 4 WAI, although it was low at the same level as the control until 2 weeks. In addition, there was a difference in fulvic acid by incorporated crops, fulvic acid in hairy vetch, sorghum and sudan grass showed a similar tendency with the change in humic acid. Our results suggest that soluble sugar, microbial activity and humic acid could be available indicators to evaluate the fertility of green manure crops-incorporated soils.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Object of this study were to determine the influence of collection times of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forage crops. The donor cow was fed concentrate once a day and given free access to grass-legume mixture hay. Main plot was consisted of different collection time of rumen fluid; T1: 1 hour before concentrate feeding, T2: 1 hour after feeding, T3: 4 hour after feeding and T4: 8 hour after feeding. A total of 7 samples of 4 different forage crops (barely, Italian ryegrass, crimson clover, rye) were used for the estimation of IVDMD and tested in three replicates. For the $DAISY^{II}$ incubation, each sample was inserted into each filter bag then heat-sealed and incubated in a digestion vessel for 48 h at $39^{\circ}C$. The times of rumen fluid collection had no significant effect on the IVDMD values over all varieties except for 2 breeds of IRG (Kogreen and Kospeed). IVDMD values with T1 over all varieties were slightly higher than other treatments, however those with both T1 of Kogreen and Kospeed varieties were significantly higher than T2 (p<.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2014

This experiment was carried out to order to determine the forage production and soil characteristics in mixtures of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and annual legumes at the riverbed. The IRG and hairy vetch mixture had the highest in fresh, dry matter (DM) as well as total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields among the forage mixtures. Further IRG and hairy vetch mixture had the highest in DM content. The crude protein (CP) content of IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest, Whereas non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and TDN contents were lower compared to other mixtures. The total nitrogen (TN) of IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest due to high nitrogen fixation in the riverbed soil. The IRG and rape mixture was the highest in organic matter (OM) of soil. Moreover, the available $P_2O_5$ of soil in IRG and crimson clover mixtures was higher compared to other mixtures. Further, the IRG and hairy vetch mixture was the highest in cation exchange capacity (CEC) content. Therefore IRG and hairy vetch mixture is more suitable in forage mixtures due to high forage production and protein as well as high soil CEC content at the riverbed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.318-324
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• 2016

In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was used. $^{15}N$ fertilizer [$(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to $600cm^2$ in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. $^{15}N$ was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % $^{15}N$ excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % $^{15}N$ than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on $^{15}N$ dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the $^{15}N$ dilution method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity in introduced forage pea cultivars at the experimental field. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The forage pea used in this study were two cultivars ('Livioletta', 'Austrian Pea') and one Chinese milk vetch cultivar (Chinese domestic cultivar). Flowing of 'Livioletta' cultivar was May 16th and 'Austrian Pea' cultivar was 18th May, 20 days later than the former. The 'Livioletta' cultlvar showed stronger than winter hardiness of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. Dry matter (DM) content of 'Liviotetta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars were 22.5% and 20.9% chinese milk vetch showed the lowest content with 17.7%. 'Austrian pea' cultivar showed the highest DM yield with 5,617 kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Livioletta' cultivar was low with 3,652 kg/ha. The yield of CP (crude protein) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) set high at 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. And 'Livioletta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars showed CP content with 15.5% and 14.4% but Chinese milk vetch with 19.3%. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar were 23.2% and 40.3%. Therefore 'Austrian pea' cultivar seems to be suitable varieties in paddy field as winter forage crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.853-858
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• 2011

The cultivation methods are important for determining crop yield of green manure. The effect of cultivation methods of green manure crops (GMC) on biomass and rice yield was investigated. This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2008 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Seven GMC (hairy vetch, barley, Chinese milk vetch, rye, crimson clover, oats, rattail fescue) were cultivated and incorporated on paddy soil by broadcasting before rice harvesting (BBRH) and partial tillage seeding (PTS). Among the three leguminous GMC, the biomass and N production were the highest at the hairy vetch of PTS. Among the four gramineae GMC, the biomass and N production tended to be higher in the rye of BBRH and barley of PTS. The C/N ratio (56.5~74.2) of rye was high compared with hairy vetch (14.1). Among the GMC, the incorporation of hairy vetch increased $NH_4$-N contents in rice paddy soil at 14 and 42 days after transplanting. These results showed that hairy vetch had no significant to rice yield compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore, hairy vetch seems to be the most efficient green manure crop as an alternatives to chemical N fertilizer in the central regions of Korea.