• 전기화학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.106-111
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• 1999

[ $CaNi_5$ ] 수소저장합금의 전기화학적 충$\cdot$방전 특성에 미치는 MG(mechanical grinding) 영향이 Ar및 $H_2$ 가스분위기에서 조사되었다 MG공정중 $CaNi_5$ 합금은 표면 산화층의 파괴와 재생성 및 산화층 근방의 불균질화로 인하여 MG 15시간 이후부터 CaO와 Ni로 뚜렷한 상분리가 일어났다. $MG-CaNi_5$는 MG시간이 길어질수록 초기의 전기화학적 방전용량은 현저히 감소하였지만 충$\cdot$방전 싸이클의 증가에 따른 용량저하 속도는 $CaNi_5$합금에 비하여 낮았다. MG처리된 $CaNi_5$합금의 퇴화는 MG공정중의 상분리 및 불규칙화에 의한 수소의 가역반응 site의 감소 및 분극저항의 증가, KOH 전해질 내에서 합금 표면의 산화반응에 의한 부동태 피막형성에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2005

Recently Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Based on Independent Subspaces (MDOIS), an MDO (multidisciplinary design optimization) algorithm, has been proposed. In this research, an MDO problem is defined for design of a belt integrated seat considering crashworthiness, and MDOIS is applied to solve the problem. The crash model consists of an airbag, a belt integrated seat (BIS), an energy absorbing steering system, and a safety belt. It is found that the current design problem has two disciplines - structural nonlin- ear analysis and occupant analysis. The interdisciplinary relationship between the disciplines is identified and is addressed in the system analysis step in MDOIS. Interdisciplinary variables are belt load and stiffness of the seat, which are determined in system analysis step. The belt load is passed to the structural analysis subspace and stiffness of the seat back frame to the occupant analysis subspace. Determined design vari- ables in each subspace are passed to the system analysis step. In this way, the design process iterates until the convergence criterion is satisfied. As a result of the design, the weight of the BIS and Head Injury Crite- rion (HIC) of an occupant are reduced with specified constraints satisfied at the same time. Since the system analysis cannot be formulated in an explicit form in the current example, an optimization problem is formu - lated to solve the system analysis. The results from MDOIS are discussed.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study was to find out the characteristics of children patients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital due to traffic accidents. Methods The study was carried out with 121 children patients who visited the Oriental Medical Hospital from April 2011 to March 2012 and was analyzed by reviewing the patients' charts. Results In the distribution of sex the ratio between boys and girls were similar, but regarding the age, 0~6 year-old group was more than that of 7~15 year-old group. In the traffic accident patterns, 87.6% of the entire children patients were injured by car crash. The highest type in the collision between cars was rear-ending impact. The most patients (48.8%) visited our hospital for oriental medical treatment in less than 3 days after the traffic accident. The number of the first visitors in the Oriental Medical Hospital were 77 (63.6%) and those who visited other western hospitals before and were 44 (36.4%). The most frequent duration of admission and treatment in OPD was less than 7 days. Sleeping disorders (37.1%) were diagnosed the highest in 0~6 year-old group and C-spine sprain (49.0%) was diagnosed the highest at 0~7 years-old group. Herb medications were prescribed to relieve anxiety for 0~6 year-old group and for 7~15 year-old group, those were prescribed to activate blood eliminating phlegm and to normalize Qi flow. The highest effective treatment period was less than 7 days. Conclusions This data suggested that the oriental medical care could be more effective in treating children victims of traffic accidents by confirming many different symptoms depending on the age.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.1063-1068
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 도시철도차량의 타고오름 평가를 위한 충돌시뮬레이션 기법을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션모델은 대차의 동적 거동을 표현하는 대차 동역학 모델과 붕괴거동을 표현할 수 있는 차체 유한요소 모델로 구성된다. 유럽 및 국내 충돌안전규정의 타고오름 평가를 위해 40 mm 오프셋 정면충돌 사고 각본에 따른 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 충돌 후 차체의 구조적 거동과 차체와 연계된 대차 모델의 동적 거등을 확인하였으며 타고오름 판단기준인 윤축의 상승거리로 타고오름을 평가하였다. 최종적으로 본 연구에서 제안한 시뮬레이션 기법을 적용하면 도시철도차량 충돌안전규정에 따라 충돌사고 시 타고오름에 대하여 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.561-565
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• 2011

최근 수송기계 등의 구조물에 사용되는 구조부재는 대부분이 일정 형상을 지닌 형강 혹은 중공부재를 사용한다. 특히 자동차에 사용되는 구조부재는 여러 가지 부품을 지지하고, 충돌 시 충격 에너지를 흡수하여 승객을 보호하는 역할을 한다. 최근 구조부재는 이러한 특징들로 인해 경량화와 안정성을 고려하여 개발되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 CFRP 부재의 파괴 형상과 에너지 흡수특성을 예측하기 위해 CFRP 의 사각부재 형상을 만들어 충격 실험을 하고 유한요소해석 프로그램인 LS-DYNA 를 이용하여 CFRP 사각부재의 충격 시뮬레이션을 행하였다. 실험 후, FEA 프로그램의 결과와 실제 실험의 결과를 비교하여 CFRP 부재의 복잡한 파괴 거동과 에너지 흡수 특성을 고찰하였다.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2018

The fatality of rollover accidents in motor vehicle crashes is high despite their low incidence. Through the investigation of a 12-passenger van rollover accident in which 10 passengers were involved, we intend to analyze the correlation between the severity of the injury and the position of the occupants. We collected accident information from medical records, interviews, photo-images of the damaged van, field surveys, and the results of the Korean New Car Assessment Program (KNCAP). Based on the occupants' position, we classified injury sites and estimated injury severity. Passenger injury severity was evaluated by trauma score calculation. The initiation type of the rollover accident was passenger side 'fall-over' and the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) code for the damaged van was 00TDZO3. The crash of the van involved 10 passengers, with an average age of $16.3{\pm}4.2years$. Few of the occupants had fastened seat belts at the time of the incident, and there was no airbag installed. One patient sustained severe liver injury and another was diagnosed with a fracture of the right humerus. The most common injuries were at the upper extremities and the neck. The average of Injury Severity Score (ISS) was $4.8{\pm}5.9$, and the average ISS of right-seated, mid-seated and left-seated occupants was $7.5{\pm}9.3$, $1.5{\pm}0.7$, and $3.3{\pm}2.1$ respectively (p>0.05). In the rollover (to-passenger side) accident of occupant unfastened, the average ISS of right-seated occupants (near side) was higher, but there was no statistically significant difference.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2016

도로를 점용하는 공사구간은 교통의 흐름이 불안정하여 교통사고 발생 가능성을 증대시키고, 교통처리 용량을 저하시켜 혼잡을 초래한다. 이와 같이 공사구간으로 인한 교통류의 부정적 영향을 최소화하기 위해 다양한 교통관리 전략이 연구 개발 되고 있다. 그 중 가변속도제한시스템(VSL ; Variable Speed Limit)은 운전자에게 실시간 교통상황 변화에 능동적으로 대처할 수 있는 적절한 제한속도 정보를 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 공사구간에 VSL 적용시 교통운영효율성과 교통안전성 향상 효과를 메타분석 기법을 이용하여 평가하였다. 교통운영효율성 평가에서는 통과교통량이 유의한 변수로, 교통안전성 측면에서는 주행속도의 감소량이 의미있는 변수인 것으로 확인되었다. 통과교통량의 승산비 효과크기는 1.164로 공사구간에 VSL 적용 시 16.4% 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 주행속도의 승산비 효과크기는 0.835로 음의 관계를 나타내어 16.5% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 공사구간의 안전성 및 운영효율성 증대를 위한 VSL의 개발을 효과적으로 지원할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.816-823
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• 2007

As the South Korean rolling stock industry is developing designs for full compliance with the European Standards, it is fitting to take a look at these two core standards. The paper presents an overview of the load cases and structural requirements developed in Europe for the design of safe and compatible rolling stock vehicles. These load cases and structural requirements have been compiled into two standards namely EN12663 and EN15227. Standard EN12663 was developed as a reference design requirements standard. The work was mandated and sponsored by the European Committee for Standardization and Standard issuing National Institutions. EN12663 specifies a series of proof and fatigue load cases for European rolling stock regulations compliant vehicle designs. As EN12663 does not address the crashworthiness issue, a dedicated crashworthiness standard, EN15227, was therefore developed in a similar manner through industry wide consultations managed by a Trans-European working group of experienced engineers and specialists. In both standards, the vehicle and/or trains are grouped into categories reflecting the vehicle types and/or their indented operational function. EN15227, developed to complement EN12663, addresses the "passive" crashworthiness capability of the vehicles and trains. EN15227 specifies reference crash scenarios similar to those found in the Technical Specification for Interoperability (TSI) of high speed trains operating in Europe. The overview also touches on a general comparison with the corresponding British Group Standard (GM/RT2100) and also the UIC leaflet based load cases. The exercise is extended to pertinent design load cases specified by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) in the US.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2005

We analyzed the demographic and job features of 197 shipyard workers with work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) compensated by the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, and the features of the disorders, the causes of operation and the induced behaviors. The three shipbuilding companies surveyed were located in Busan Metropolitan city and Gyungsangnam-do. The results were as follows. 1. The ages of WMSDs patients in shipyard were $43.6{\pm}8.6$ and the job tenure was $14.3{\pm}5.6$. The 40's of them was 40.1%, and the 30's was 29.4%. Patients less than 5 year-work duration were 85.3%, and ones more than 16 year-work duration 6.6%. In occupations, welders were 32.5%, pre-welders 17.3%, and setting engineers 6.6%. 2. The causes of WMSDs in shipyard were works(95.4%) and outer crash or accident shock (3.6%). Based on the standard of the NIOSH induced behaviors, the causes were awkward posture (62.9%), excessive movement(19.3%) and repetitive movement(13.7%). 3. The compensated WMSDs by body part was the highest, 36%, in the spines, 32.0% in both the upper limbs and the spines, and 14% in the upper limbs. The number of cases of WMSDs in body were 96 in the cervical, 79 in the lumbar and 72 in the shoulders. 4. As a result of chi-square test(${\chi}^2$) between diagnosis and operation in body, welding and spot welding had the most diagnoses in all parts of the body among other occupations. Chi-square test(${\chi}^2$) between diagnosis and induced behavior in body showed that awkward postures recorded the highest rate and repetitive movements was the second. 5. The most hazardous occupation was the welding(incidence rate=9.7) and the most hazardous behavior was the awkward posture.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.278-291
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• 2017

고속도로 공사장 교통관리구간 중 주의구간은 공사구간으로 진입하는 차량이 차로 변경을 수행해야 하는 구간으로 감속과 함께 안전한 차로변경이 가능하도록 교통안전표지가 설치되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 주행시뮬레이션 분석을 통해 주의구간 내 운전자의 반응특성으로 고려한 교통안전표지 설치의 적정성을 평가하였다. 교통안전표지 위치 변경 및 제거를 통해 시나리오를 구성하고, 시나리오 별 교통안전표지의 설치 위치 적정성을 제한속도 순응률과 차로변경 안전도를 통해 비교 평가하였다. 분석 결과 제한속도 규제표지를 주의구간 상류부에 설치하여 공사구간 진입차량의 속도를 미리 감소키시고, 차로변경 주의표지를 주의구간 하류부에 설치하여 차로 변경을 최종적으로 유도하는 것이 운전자의 인지도 및 순응도 향상에 있어서 가장 효과적인 대안인 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 고속도로 공사장에서 발생하는 교통사고 예방을 위해 교통관리기준의 개정 시 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.