• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.397-410
• /
• 1999

In order to obtain the basic data concerning the optimal parameters in using Nd:YAG laser as a therapeutic modality to dentinal hypersensitivity, the author prepared 3 sections of sound dentin and 10 sections of sclerotic dentin with thickness of $0.5mm{\pm}0.1mm$ from human extracted teeth of anteriors and premolars, and applied the laser energy from a fiberoptic delivered, free running, pulsed Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1064nm, pulse duration $120{\mu}sec$, fiber diameter $320{\mu}m$) to surfaces of sound and sclerotic dentin sections for 1 second with contact/unidirectional moving mode of the fiber under speed of 3mm~4mm/sec and parameters of 0.5W/10Hz, 1.0W/10Hz, 1.5W/10Hz, 2.0W/10Hz: $62J/cm^2$, $124J/cm^2$, $187J/cm^2$, $249J/cm^2$. The author comparatively evaluated the characteristics of ultrastructural changes on surfaces of sound and sclerotic dentin sections irradiated by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser using the scanning electron microscopy. A fairly ill-defined bordered surface of partially closed and melted dentinal tubules can be seen on the scanning electron microscopic feature of the sound dentin surface irradiated by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser with energy density of $62J/cm^2$. The physical modification of sound dentin surface extensively occurred depended on the increase of energy density from $62J/cm^2$ to $124J/cm^2$, $187J/cm^2$, $249J/cm^2$. While, a fairly well-defined bordered surface of partially closed and melted dentinal tubules with thickened peritubular dentin can be seen on the scanning electron microscopic feature of the sclerotic dentin surface irradiated by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser with energy density of $62J/cm^2$. The physical modification of sclerotic dentin surface of a fairly rough, shallow depression with many cracks, thickened peritubular dentin and structureless dentinal tubules extensively occurred depended on the increase of energy density from $62J/cm^2$ to $124J/cm^2$, $187J/cm^2$, $249J/cm^2$ compared to those of sound dentin surface irradiated by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser under the same parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that the pulsed Nd:YAG laser as a therapeutic modality to dentinal hypersensitivity should be applied with the less energy density than $62J/cm^2$ on the sound dentin surface, and its energy density on the partially sclerotic dentin surface should be lower than that on the sound dentin surface to preserve tooth from unnecessary excessive structural destruction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 1999.10a
• /
• pp.15-15
• /
• 1999

In chip plating, several parameters must be taken into consideration. Current density, solution concentration, pH, solution temperature, components volume, chip and media ratio, barrel geometrical shape were most likely found to have an effect to the process yields. The 3 types of barrels utilized in chip plating industry are the conventional rotating barrel. vibrational barrel (vibarrel), and the centrifugal type. Conventional rotating barrel is a close type and is commonly used. The components inside the barrel are circulated by the barrel's rotation at a horizontal axis. Process yield has known to have higher thickness deviation. The vibrational barrel is an open type which offers a wide exposure to electrolyte resulting to a stable thickness deviation. It rotates in a vertical axis coupled with multi-vibration action to facilitate mixed up and easy transportation of components, The centrifugal barrel has its plated work centrifugally compacted against the cathode ring for superior electrical contact with simultaneous rotary motion. This experiment has determined the effect of barrel vibration intensity to the plating thickness distribution. The procedures carried out in the experiment involved the overall plating process., cleaning, rinse, Nickel plating, Tin-Lead plating. Plating time was adjusted to meet the required specification. All other parameters were maintained constant. Two trials were performed to confirm the consistency of the result. The thickness data of the experiment conducted showed that the average mean value obtained from higher vibrational intensity is nearer to the standard mean. The distribution curve shown has a narrower specification limits and it has a reduced variation around the target value, Generally, intensity control in vi-barrel facilitates mixed up and easy transportation of components, However, it is desirable to maintain an optimum vibration intensity to prevent solution intrusion into the chips' internal electrode. A cathodic reaction can occur in the interface of the external and internal electrode. $2HD{\;}+{\;}e{\;}{\rightarrow}20H{\;}+{\;}H_2$ Hydrogen can penetrate into the body and create pressure which can cause cracks. At high intensity, the chip's motion becomes stronger, its contact between each other is delayed and so plating action is being controlled. However, the strong impact created by its collision can damage the external electrode's structure thereby resulting to bad plating condition. 1 lot of chip was divided into two equal partion. Each portion was loaded to the same barrel one after the other. Nickel plating and tin-lead plating was performed in the same station. Portion A maintained the normal barrel vibration intensity and portion B vibration intensity was increased two steps higher. All other parameters, current, solution condition were maintained constant. Generally, plating method find procedures were carried out in a best way to maintained the best plating condition. After plating, samples were taken out from each portion. molded and polished. Plating thickness was investigated for both. To check consistency of results. 2nd trial was done now using different lot of another characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.295-305
• /
• 2024

This study aims to analyze the micro-sedimentary structures of the Hwangdo tidal flats using ultra-high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data. Tidal flats, located in the transitional area between land and sea, constantly change due to tidal activities and provide a unique environment important for understanding sedimentary processes and environmental conditions. Traditional field observation methods are limited in spatial and temporal coverage, and existing satellite imagery does not provide sufficient resolution to study micro-sedimentary structures. To overcome these limitations, high-resolution images of the Hwangdo tidal flats in Chungcheongnam-do were acquired using UAVs. This area has experienced significant changes in its sedimentary environment due to coastal development projects such as sea wall construction. From May 17 to 18, 2022, sediment samples were collected from 91 points during field surveys and 25 in-situ points were intensively analyzed. UAV data with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.9 mm allowed identifying and extracting parameters related to micro-sedimentary structures. For mud cracks, the length of the major axis of the polygons was extracted, and the wavelength and ripple symmetry index were extracted for ripple marks. The results of the study showed that in areas with mud content above 80%, mud cracks formed at an average major axis length of 37.3 cm. In regions with sand content above 60%, ripples with an average wavelength of 8 cm and a ripple symmetry index of 2.0 were formed. This study demonstrated that micro-sedimentary structures of tidal flats can be effectively analyzed using ultra-high resolution UAV data without field surveys. This highlights the potential of UAV technology as an important tool in environmental monitoring and coastal management and shows its usefulness in the study of sedimentary structures. In addition, the results of this study are expected to serve as baseline data for more accurate sedimentary facies classification.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.229-265
• /
• 2012

Hygroexpansion of wood is a known and undesired characteristic in civil engineering. When wood is exposed to changing environmental humidity, it adsorbs or desorbs moisture and warps. The resulting distortions or - at restrained conditions - cracks are a major concern in timber engineering. We herein present a multiscale model for prediction of the macroscopic hygroexpansion behavior of individual pieces of softwood from their microstructure, demonstrated for spruce. By applying poromicromechanics, we establish a link between the swelling pressure, driving the hygroexpansion of wood at the nanoscale, and the resulting macroscopic dimensional changes. The model comprises six homogenization steps, which are performed by means of continuum micromechanics, the unit cell method and laminate theory, all formulated in a poromechanical framework. Model predictions for elastic properties of wood as functions of the moisture content closely approach corresponding experimental data. As for the hygroexpansion behavior, the swelling pressure has to be back-calculated from macroscopic hygroexpansion data. The good reproduction of the anisotropy of wood hygroexpansion, based on only a single scalar calibration parameter, underlines the suitability of the model. The multiscale model constitutes a valuable tool for studying the effect of microstructural features on the macroscopic behavior and for assessing the hygroexpansion behavior at smaller length scales, which are inaccessible to experiments. The model predictions deliver input parameters for the analysis of timber at the structural scale, therewith enabling to optimize the use of timber and to prevent moisture-induced damage or failure.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.177-197
• /
• 2018

This paper presents a case study about the damages on the structural elements of a cast in place reinforced concrete (RC) building after a big fire which was able to be controlled after six hours. The fire broke off at the $2^{nd}$ basement floor of the building, which has five basements, one ground, and two normal floors. As a result of intensely stocked ignitable materials, it spread out to the all of the upstairs. In visual inspection, most of the typical fire damages were observed (such as spalling, net-like cracks, crumbled plasters, bared or visible reinforcement). Also, failures of the $2^{nd}$ basement columns were encountered. It has been concluded that the severity failures of the columns at the $2^{nd}$ basement caused utterly deformation of the building, which is responsible for the massive damages on the beam-column connections. All of the observed damages were categorized related to the types and presented separated regarding the floors. Besides to the visual inspection, the numerical analysis was run to verify the observed damaged on the building for columns, beams, and the connection regions. It is concluded from the study that several parameters such as duration of the fire, level of the temperature influence on the damages to the RC building. Also, it is highlighted by the study that if the damaged building is considered on the overall structural system, it is not able to satisfy the minimum service requirements neither gravity loads nor earthquake conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.253-267
• /
• 2016

The stability of surrounding rock will be poor when the tunnel is excavated through nearly horizontal stratum. In this paper, the instability mechanism of local nearly horizontal stratum in super-large section and deep buried tunnel is revealed by the analysis of the macro failure and micro fracture. A structural model is proposed to explain the mechanics of surrounding rock collapse under the action of stress redistribution and shed light on the macroscopic analytical approach of the stability of surrounding rock. Then, some highly effective formulas applied in the tunnel engineering are developed according to the theory of mixed-mode micro fracture. And well-documented field case is made to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed analytical methods of mixed-mode fracture. Meanwhile, in order to make the more accurate judgment about yield failure of rock mass, a series of comprehensive failure criteria are formed. In addition, the relationship between the nonlinear failure criterion and $K_I$ and $K_{II}$ of micro fracture is established to make the surrounding rock failure criterion more comprehensive and accurate. Further, the influence of the parameters related to the tension-shear mixed-mode fracture and compression-shear mixed-mode fracture on the propagation of rock crack is analyzed. Results show that ${\sigma}_3$ changes linearly with the change of ${\sigma}_1$. And the change rate is related to ${\beta}$, angle between the cracks and ${\sigma}_1$. The proposed simple analytical approach is economical and efficient, and suitable for the analysis of local nearly horizontal stratum in super-large section and deep buried tunnel.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.42-52
• /
• 1995

In the evaluation of aging degradation on the structural materials based on the fracture mechanics, the detection and size prediction of defect are very important. Aiming at nondestructive detection and size prediction ol defect with high accuracy and resolution, therefore, an lnduced Current Focusing Potential Drop(ICFPD) technique has been developed. The principle of this technique is to induce a focusing current at an exploratory region by an induction wire flowing an alternating current(AC) that is a constant ampere and frequency. Defects are assessed with the potential drops that are measured the induced current on the surface of metallic material by the potential pick-up pins. In this study, the lCFPD technique was applied for evaluating the location and size of the surface crack and blind crack made in plate specimens, and also for detecting the defects existing in valve, a field component, that were developed by SCC etc. during the service. The results of this present study show that surface crack and blind crack are able to defect with potential drop. these cracks are distinguished with the distribution of potential drop, and the crack depths can be estimated with each normalized potential drop that are parameters estimating the depth of each type crack. In the field component, the defects estimated by experiment result correspond with those in the cutting face of the measuring point within a higher sensitivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.7
• /
• pp.642-652
• /
• 2009

Most of lap jointed aircraft structures encounter the fretting damages, which provoke fretting cracks prematurely and lead to significant reduction of fatigue life. In the case of ageing aircrafts especially, this fretting fatigue problem is a fatal threat for the safety and airworthiness. Recently, as the service life extension program(SLEP) of ageing aircrafts has become a hot issue, the prediction of fretting fatigue life is also indispensable. On these backgrounds, a series of experimental tests of fretting fatigue on bolted lap joint specimens, were performed. And the fretting crack initiation and propagation life of each specimen were evaluated using existing and newly proposed prediction models with the fretting parameters obtained from the FEA results for elasto-plastic contact stress analyses. The validations of prediction models were also discussed, comparing the prediction results with experimental test ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.63-79
• /
• 2007

Several remedial works were attempted to stabilize the collapsed area of the inlet slopes of diversion tunnel, but prevention of any further movement was being only carried out at beginning stage by filling the area with aggregates and rock debris, after several cracks had been initiated and developed around the area. The extra specialty developed folding zone is consisted with highly weathered Greywacke and Black shale. The suggested solution is to improve the properties of the rock mass of failed area by choosing the optimum level of reinforcement through the increment of slope rock support design so as to control the movement of slopes during the re-excavation. The Bakun hydroelectric project includes the construction of a hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 2,520MW and a power transmission system connecting to the existing transmission networks in Sarawak and Western Malaysia. The power station will consist of a 210m height Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam. During the construction of the dam and the power facilities the Balui River has to be diverted of the tunnels is 12m and the tunnel width is 16m at the portal area. This paper describes the stability analysis and design methods for the open cut rock slopes in the inlet area of the diversion tunnels. The geotechnical parameters employed in stability calculations were given as a function of four defined Rock Mass Type (RMT) which were based on RMR system from Bieniawski. The stability calculations procedure of the rock slopes are divided into two stages. In the first stage, it is calculated for the stability of each "global" slope without any rock support and shotcrete system. In the second stage, it is calculated for each "local" slope stability with berms and supported with rock bolts and shotcrete. The monitoring instrumentation was performed continuously and some of the design modification was carried out in order to increase the safety of failed area based on the unforeseen geological risks during the open cut excavation.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 1990

Joints are provided in cement concrete pavements to control transverse and longitudinal cracking that occur due to restrained deformations caused by moisture and temperature variations in the slab. But the constuction of joints reduces the load-carrying capacity of the pavement at the joints, and pavements have been deteriorated by cracks at the slab edges along the joints due to traffic loads. Therefore, it is important to analyze the behavior of joints accurately in the design of cement concrete pavements. In this study, the mechanical behavior of cement concrete pavement slabs is analyzed by the plate-finite element model, and Winkler foundation model is adopted to analyze the subgrades. The load transfer mechan¬ism of joints are composed of dowel action, aggregate interlocking, and tied-key action, and the analytical pro¬gram is developed using these joint models. Using this numerical model as an analysis tool, the effects of joint parameters on the behavior of pavements are investigated.