• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1247-1247
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• 2001

Constituents of animal biofluids such as milk, blood and urine contain information specifically related to metabolic and health status of the ruminant animals. Some changes in composition of biofluids can be attributed to disease response of the animals. Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and reducing milk quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis for cow's mastitis diagnosis based on NIR spectra of milk, blood and urine. A total of 112 bulk milk, urine and blood samples from 4 Holstein cows were analyzed. The milk samples were collected from morning milking. The urine samples were collected before morning milking and stored at -35$^{\circ}C$ until spectral analysis. The blood samples were collected before morning milking using a catheter inserted into the carotid vein. Heparin was added to blood samples to prevent coagulation. All milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count (SCC). The SCC content in milk was used as indicator of mastitis and as quantitative parameter for respective urine and blood samples collected at same time. NIR spectra of blood and milk samples were obtained by InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer, using a transflectance mode. NIR spectra of urine samples were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer, using 1 mm sample thickness. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. SIMCA was implemented to create models of the respective classes based on NIR spectra of milk, blood or urine. For the calibration set of samples, SIMCA models (model for samples from healthy cows and model for samples from mastitic cows), correctly classified from 97.33 to 98.67% of milk samples, from 97.33 to 98.61% of urine samples and from 96.00 to 94.67% of blood samples. From samples in the test set, the percent of correctly classified samples varied from 70.27 to 89.19, depending mainly on spectral data pretreatment. The best results for all data sets were obtained when first derivative spectral data pretreatment was used. The incorrect classified samples were 5 from milk samples,5 and 4 from urine and blood samples, respectively. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of samples from healthy cows and group of samples from mastitic cows showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk, blood and urine components. Results from the present investigation showed that the changes that occur when a cow gets mastitis influence her milk, urine and blood spectra in a specific way. SIMCA allowed extraction of available spectral information from the milk, urine and blood spectra connected with mastitis. The obtained results could be used for development of a new method for mastitis detection.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.499-507
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• 2016

In this study, traditional culture method and 16S rRNA gene analysis were applied to reveal the composition and diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of fermented cow milk, huruud and urum from Baotou and Bayannur of midwestern Inner Mongolia. Also, the quantitative results of dominant LAB species in three different types of dairy products from Baotou and Bayannur were gained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) technology. Two hundred and two LAB strains isolated from sixty-six samples were identified and classified into four genera, namely Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and twenty-one species and subspecies. From these isolates, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (32.18%), Lactobacillus plantarum (12.38%) and Leuconosto mesenteroides (11.39%) were considered as the dominated LAB species under the condition of cultivating in MRS and M17 medium. And the q-PCR results revealed that the number of dominant species varied from samples to samples and from region to region. This study clearly shows the composition and diversity of LAB existing in fermented cow milk, huruud and urum, which could be considered as valuable resources for LAB isolation and further probiotic selection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 게껍질분말 급여에 의한 천연 타우린 강화우유의 생산 가능성을 평가하고자 25두의 젖소를 5군으로 나누고, 각기 대조사료, 1%(1%CS), 3%(3%CS) 및 5% 게껍질분말사료(5%CS), 그리고 formaldehyde로 처리되 3% 게껍질분말사료 (3%FCS)를 30일간 급여하였다. 게껍질분말 단백질의 아미노산조성은 phenylalanine이 가장 높았고, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, serine histidine, arginine의 순으로 나타났으며, 다른 동물조직의 단백질과는 달리 branched-chain 아미노산의 함량이 비교적 낮았다. 게껍질에 함유된 유리아미노산 중 타우린은 가장 고농도로 존재하였으며, 특히 집게다리껍질에 509$\mu$mol/100 g이 함유되어 등뚜껑(319$\mu$mol/100g) 및 게껍질분말(296 $\mu$mol/100 g)에 비해 월등히 그 함량이 높았다. 게껍질분말의 급여가 우유의 타우린농도에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과 p<0.01 수준에서 유의성이 관찰되었다. 1%CS군의 원유에는 5.84$\pm$0.73 $\mu$mole/100mL의 타우린이 함유되어 대조구 (4.84$\pm$0.29 $\mu$mol/100mL)에 비해 20%정도 더 높았으며, 3%CS군의 원유에는 7.21$\pm$0.77$\mu$mole/100 mL의 타우린이 함유되어 대조구에 비해 49%정도 유의적으로 증가하였다.(p<0.01). 한편, 3%FCS군의 경우 원유의 타우린농도가 3%CS군에 비해 유？거으로 감소하였고, 따라서 게껍질의 formaldehyde 처리는 반추위내에서 타우린을 보호하는데 효과적이지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 게껍질 급여에 의해 우유의 타우린농도가 증가하였음을 밝히는 최초의 보고이며, 본 연구의 결과는 앞으로 기타 축산제품의 타우린함량을 증가시키는데 폭넓게 응용되어질 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.272-280
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• 2019

The present study was designed to determine the effect of barn or cycle of grazing on changes of biochemical metabolites in prepartum and changes of milk composition in postpartum of dairy cows. For this purpose, a total of sixteen 25 months old Holstein primiparous dairy cows were allocated in two groups (n=8) with an average body weight of 571.61 ± 35.30 kg (Barn) and 578.10 ± 39.20 kg (Grazing). The study was conducted from June 2018 to October 2018. Results revealed that barn raised dairy cows had a higher increase in their serum albumin and calcium level on day 14 prepartum. However, the level of palmitic acid, saturated fatty acid increased significantly, and the level of fat, oleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and unsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly in barn raised dairy cow's milk on day 14 postpartum. There were no significant differences observed with respect to all other biochemical metabolites, fatty acids and minerals between barn raised and cycle grazing dairy cows during prepartum and postpartum. Our study results could serve to a better understanding of barn raised cow with respect to changes of biochemical metabolites in prepartum and changes of milk composition, fatty acids and minerals content in grazing dairy cows in postpartum for estimating their physiological status.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1994.12a
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• pp.15-26
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• 1994

Bovine somatotropin(bST) or bovine growth hormone (bGH) is a protein of 191 amino acids produced by the anterior pituitary gland of cattle. Recombinant bovine somatotropin(rbST) is biosynthetic versions of the naturally occurring pituitary hormone in cows. The use of rbST in dairy cows promises to improve the efficiency of milk production around the world. Using recombinant DNA technology, bST can now be produced in commercial quantities. The recombinant bST(rbST) is biologically identical to the found in the bovine pituitary. Milk from rbST-treated cows has been found to have the same nutritional value and composition as milk from untreated cows. In November of 1993, rbST finally was approved by the FDA, nearly 10 years after filing a licence applica-tion. rbST has been one of the most extensively studied animal drug products to be reviewed by the agency. Three scientific facts will help to reassure the public about the safety of the milk suppy.: 1. rbST has no biological activity in humans when indigested orally or when given by intramuscular injection. 2. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) is not orally active. Any changes in IGF-1 levels in milk are well within normal variation and are lower than those reported in human milk. 3. All cow's milk contains bST, and no significant change in bST levels in milk occurs as a result of giving cows supplemental bST. Based on the scientific evidence, the public can be confident that milk and meat from rbST-treated cows is safe to consumers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.352-356
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• 2002

One hundred-fifty lactating, multiparous cow at post-peak of lactation were used to examine the effect of dietary yeast supplementation on milk production, milk composition and ruminal fermentation. The cows were randomly allocated to three groups of fifty cows each: a control group fed on a basal diet without yeast supplementation and two groups fed on basal diets supplemented with one of two commercial sources of yeast cultures, given at the rates of 15 g/head/d ($YC_1$) and 50 g/head/d ($YC_2$), respectively, as per manufacturers' recommendation. Daily milk production was recorded for all cows, while milk samples were taken randomly from ten cows per group for two consecutive days at two-week intervals for chemical analysis of the milk. Rumen fluids were also analyzed for ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. The results indicated that cows consuming diets supplemented with yeast culture tended to decrease their dry matter intake and to increase their milk yield. Cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet produced more milk and 4% fat corrected milk than those fed either $YC_1$-supplemented diet or the control. The highest milk fat percentage was obtained in cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet while the highest percentages of protein, lactose, total solids and solids not fat were recorded in cows fed $YC_1$. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly after yeast culture supplementation. Molar proportion of volatile fatty acids did not change significantly with yeast supplementation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.370-378
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• 1994

Soybean curd added with 40% of cow’s milk was prepared with eight coagulants such as calcium acetate, calcium lactate, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, glucono-delta lactone (GDL), acetic acid and lactic acid. The curd products were evaluated by the chemical composition, coprecipitation porperties, mineral content, yield, color and textural characteristics. The lowest concentrations for protein coprepitation were 0.3% (v/v) for calcium salts, 0.4% (v/v) for magnesium chloride, 0.2% (v/v) for organic acids. Turbidity and crude protein of whey were markedly decreased at these concentrations. The optimal concentrations of coagualnts used for soybean curd preperation were 1.2% (v/v) for calcium acetate, calcium sulfate and calcium lactate, 1.0% (v/v) for calcium chloride and GDL, 0.8% (v/v) for magnesium chloride and lactic acid, 0.6% (v/v) for acetic acid. It was observed that of the eight coagulants tested, calcium chloride provided a satisfactory curd in quality. Calcium content of soybean curds by the calcium salt coagulants was higher than that by organic acid coagulants. Through the examination on the textural properties by a texturemeter was found out that acetic acid treated soybean curd among the organic acids, calcium salts and magnesium chloride treated curds had very high hardness value. All the curd products prepared in this experiment had a pale yellow color as affected by the value of L (lightness), a (redness) and b (yellowness). Although the colorimetric readings showed that the soybean curds prepared with the organic acids had higher L value but lower a and b value in comparison to calcium salts and magnesium chloride treated curds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.379-385
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• 2018

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as roughage in lactating cow on feed intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and microbial protein synthesis. Methods: Ten Girolando cows at initial body weight of $450{\pm}25.6kg$ and at $143.7{\pm}30.7days$ in milk were assigned in two $5{\times}5$ Latin square designs. Five 21-day experimental periods were adopted ($1^{\circ}$ to 14-day: diets adaptation period; $15^{\circ}$ to 21-day: data collection and sampling period). The diets consisted of four different levels of sugarcane bagasse (45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and a control diet, commonly adopted in the region, based on spineless cactus (25% sugarcane bagasse), formulated to meet 12 kg/d milk yield. Results: The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients intakes and DM and OM digestibilities observed for 45% and 50% bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet, while that 55% and 60% bagasse inclusion were lower. Cows fed control diet, and bagasse diets of 45%, and 50% levels had the nutritional requirements attended, that guaranteed 12 kg/d of milk yield. The crude protein intake and digestibility of cows fed 45%, 50%, and 55% of bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility differ for all bagasse diets related to control diet, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake and digestibility for cows fed 45% of bagasse were similar for control diet. The intakes and digestibilities of nutrients decreased linearly in function of bagasse inclusion; NDF and indigestible NDF intakes did not vary. The ruminating time, feeding and rumination efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and milk yield decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse inclusion. Conclusion: Sugarcane bagasse decreases milk production; however, its inclusion level in between 45% to 50% associated to concentrate could replace diets based on spineless cactus for crossbred dairy cow's producing 12 kg/d of milk.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate biochemical properties of lactoferrin (Lf) obtained from the colostrum of Korea native cow. The molecular weight of the purified Korean native cow's Lf (K-Lf) was 81kDa, the isoelectric point was 9, and the content of iron was 0.56 mg/g, which is indicated that iron saturation of the lactoferrin was 40.6%. Amino acid composition and a-helix content were different K-Lf from bovine Lf (B-Lf). Immunological cross reactivity was observed between K-Lf and B-Lf but not between K-Lf and human Lf (H-Lf) by immunodiffusion test and Western blot analysis. Out results indicate that structure of K-Lf is different from that of B-Lf although K-Lf and B-Lf were immunologically cross-reactive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1689-1694
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop a novel adjustment factors for 305 days using 138,103 lactation records and 1,770,764 daily records, which were based on environmental circumstances such as herd year, season, age at calving, dry period and lactating stages. The present study showed that the change of persistency of cows at the first parity from total lactacting characteristics was slowly processed, while it was rapidly changed in cows at the second parity stage. Particularly, there was an outstanding difference between the first and second parity cows. Milk yield and composition increased as the age at calving was increased. In addition, milk yield and composition were higher at the first parity on fall compared with others, and those were higher at the more than second parity on fall and winter compared with other parity stages and seasons. The cow of dry group was included into lactating records of more than second parity stage. The data indicated that optimal results arose from 45-70 days of dry period. Milk yield was decreased when dry period was longer or shorter than 45-70 days. The lactating days were divided into 17, 28 and 38 stages to compare the multiplicative correction factors. The factor was effective at 28 stages on the first parity. The total correlation coefficients were 0.93832, 0.95058 and 0.95076 at the present correction factor, 17 stage and 28 stage, respectively. At second parity, the factor was higher in dry group 1 and 3 at 17 stage, and it was higher in dry group 2 at 28 stage compared with others. Therefore, the present study showed that the percent squared bias (PSB), which was calculated from the novel correction factor, was better than previously used correction factors. Also, the present study indicated that the bias of the novel correction factor was improved, and this factor could be more accurate compared with others.