• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제7권10호
• /
• pp.543-553
• /
• 2020

This paper examines the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the Philippine stock exchange, peso-dollar rate and retail price of diesel using robust least squares regression and vector autoregression (VAR). The robust least squares regression using MM-estimation method concluded that COVID-19 daily infection has negative and statistically significant effect on the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange rate and retail pump price of diesel. This is consistent with the results of correlation diagnostics. As for the VAR model, the lag values of the independent variable disclose significance in explaining the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange rate and retail pump price of diesel. Moreover, in the short run, the impulse response function confirmed relative effect of COVID-19 daily infections and the variance decomposition divulge that COVID-19 daily infections have accounted for only minor portion in explaining fluctuations of the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange and retail pump price of diesel. In the long term, the influence levels off. The Granger causality test suggests that COVID-19 daily infections cause changes in the Philippine stock exchange index and peso-dollar exchange rate in the short run. However, COVID-19 infection has no causal link with retail pump price of diesel.

• 산경연구논집
• /
• 제12권12호
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This paper estimates the impact of the epidemic crisis on election outcomes through investigating the effect of Covid19 crisis on election results of 21st General Election held in April 15th 2020 in Korea. Research design, data and methodology: This study employs Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method using district-level data from Seoul and Gyeonggi province available at National election data in Korea. Results: Despite the current crisis in Korea, Covid-19 has had positive effects on voter turnout on average, after controlling for other factors. On the other hand, the effect of Covid-19 on the voter turnout was negative in districts with a larger aging population and higher health insurance premiums. In addition, Covid-19 negatively impacted vote shares for the incumbent party, while its rival party saw gains in their votes. Conclusion: The effect of Covid-19 election outcomes in Korea is distinct from other countries due to the nationwide acknowledgment of the Korean government's achievement in managing the epidemic. This implies that the crisis management ability of a government is crucial in gaining support for an incumbent party in future elections. Countries facing upcoming elections need to implement acceptable Covid-19 restriction policies as well as economic support for compensation to reap similar benefits.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.939-948
• /
• 2021

The purpose of the research is to examine whether government regulation on Covid 19 pandemic has had a significant impact in economic sectors, particularly on consumer behavior. Thus there are three hypotheses, 1) viral marketing has an effect on online trust during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, 2) viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, and 3) Viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era through online trust. To test the hypotheses, questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents, however, only 110 were selected due to incomplete data. There are 3 variables, namely viral marketing, online trust, and impulse buying, where online trust is also a mediating variable. Once the assumption test is completed, the researcher employs path analysis to test the hypotheses. The results are 1) there is an effect of viral marketing on online trust in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, 2) There is no effect of viral marketing on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, and 3) Viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era through online trust. This means online trust succeed in mediating viral marketing-impulse buying relationship. The findings emphasized that the credibility of online trust enforce consumers in making buying decisions.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.408-421
• /
• 2021

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.401-407
• /
• 2021

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an ongoing pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses have been detected and characterized not only in COVID-19 patients and convalescents, but also unexposed individuals. Here, we review the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients and the relationships between SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses and COVID-19 severity. In addition, we describe the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells after recovery from COVID-19 and discuss the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in unexposed individuals and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. A better understanding of T-cell responses is important for effective control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.65-82
• /
• 2020

This study examined information sharing and evaluation as determinants of the spread of fake news among Nigerian youths on social media using experience from COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study and a Web-based questionnaire (Google Forms) was used to collect data for the study. The total responses of 278 were collected from the participants, which represents the unit of analysis. The finding of the study revealed that most Nigerian youths used Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and Instagram to share information on COVID-19. However, only a few Nigerians used Linkedln and other types of social media to share information on COVID-19. It was also found that building a relationship with social media communities, enjoyment and risk taking, and political inclination influence the sharing behavior of Nigerian youths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that social media handle/page found sharing of fake news on COVID-19 especially on the treatment, vaccines numbers of cases and symptoms. The study concludes that there is a positive relationship between information evaluation and the spreading of fake news on COVID-19 among Nigerians. Information sharing and evaluation should be done with the utmost level of objectivity and sincerity.

• 가정간호학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.82-92
• /
• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the prevention behavior of COVID-19 infection among nursing students. Methods: This survey was conducted from September 3 to October 2, 2021 among 172 sophomore and senior students at universities in D metropolitan city and J province. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchical Regression. Results: There were significant differences in COVID-19 preventive behavior by gender (t=0.13, p=.017) and clinical practice experience (t=2.78, p=.006). COVID-19 preventive behavior showed significantly positive correlations with subjective norm (r=.35, p<.001), self-efficacy(r=.33, p<.001), and intention(r=.62, p<.001). The variables affecting COVID-19 preventive behavior were intention(β=.529, p<.001), subjective norm(β=.169, p=.008), and clinical practice experience(β=.118, p=.049), and the explanatory power was 43%. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is necessary to develop strategies that can encourage the intention of nursing students to practice prevention for COVID-19 infection control. In addition, maintaining subjective norms through national policies is a critical strategy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2022

From several socioeconomic perspectives, the present health crisis can be connected to the 2008 financial and economic catastrophe. Governments worldwide are working hard to keep the markets in check, as evidence suggests that the health crisis may soon become an economic crisis. This paper aims to analyze the effect of COVID-19 on the selected stock market. Using a panel of daily COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths and the stock market from 22 developing countries, we exploit an oil price as a shock to the stock market and examine the effect of COVID-19 on the slowdown of the stock market. We find a negative and significant impact of COVID-19 on the stock market in the first stage till April. However, there is no net influence on the stock market downturn when we extend the period. However, further study suggests that the outbreak's negative influence on the selected stock market has diminished and has begun to decline as of mid-April. As a result of the COVID-19 effect on the chosen stock, our findings imply that the government in the chosen market should consider a regulatory mechanism to reduce the stock market slowdown induced by the pandemic COVID-19.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제15권sup1호
• /
• pp.79-93
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intentions to practice COVID-19 preventive behaviors using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 519 restaurant customers' responses was collected in this study through an online self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on socio-demographic factors. One-way analysis of variance and t-test were conducted to determine differences in the constructs from the TPB according to age and sex. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: SEM revealed the positive effect of knowledge about COVID-19 on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in restaurants. Attitude, subjective norm, behavior intention, and knowledge positively affected COVID-19 preventive behavior intentions in restaurants. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirmed that the TPB is helpful in elucidating the determinants of consumers' intention to practice COVID-19 preventive behavior in restaurants. These findings can help policy makers and professionals provide material for further public health interventions and inform them about awareness-raising, guidelines, and health education programs.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of Stress coping method in the relationship between Covid-19 stress and academic burnout of university students in the long-lasting Covid-19 situation. Methods: The subjects of this study were 323 college students and data were collected by on-line questionnaire survey. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and t-test, ANOVA, multiple linear regression analysis were conducted. Also mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron & Kenny method. Results: The results were as follows. First, students with high Covid-19 stress had high academic burnout by regression analysis. Second, in the stress coping method, the active coping method lowered academic burnout, and the passive coping method increased academic burnout. Third, the active coping method showed a partial mediating effect in the relationship between Covid-19 stress and the academic burnout(p<.01). Conclusions: In order to help college students cope with academic burnout caused by Covid-19 stress, it is recommended to guide students to use active coping method through counseling and education. Ultimately, it is necessary to support students to use various coping methods according to their situation appropriately.