• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.4866-4888
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• 2020

One major and time-consuming task in fish production is obtaining an accurate estimate of the number of fish produced. In most Nigerian farms, fish counting is performed manually. Digital image processing (DIP) is an inexpensive solution, but its accuracy is affected by noise, overlapping fish, and interfering objects. This study developed a catfish recognition and counting algorithm that introduces detection before counting and consists of six steps: image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, recognition, and counting. Images were acquired and pre-processed. The segmentation was performed by applying three methods: image binarization using Otsu thresholding, morphological operations using fill hole, dilation, and opening operations, and boundary segmentation using edge detection. The boundary features were extracted using a chain code algorithm and Fourier descriptors (CH-FD), which were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to perform the recognition. The new counting approach, based on the geometry of the fish, was applied to determine the number of fish and was found to be suitable for counting fish of any size and handling overlap. The accuracies of the segmentation algorithm, boundary pixel and Fourier descriptors (BD-FD), and the proposed CH-FD method were 90.34%, 96.6%, and 100% respectively. The proposed counting algorithm demonstrated 100% accuracy.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Existing People Counting System using a single overhead mounted camera has limitation in object recognition and counting in various environments. Those limitations are attributable to overlapping, occlusion and external factors, such as over-sized belongings and dramatic light change. Thus, this paper proposes the new concept of People Counting System by Facial Age Group using two depth cameras, at overhead and frontal viewpoints, in order to improve object recognition accuracy and robust people counting to external factors. The proposed system is counting the pedestrians by five process such as overhead image processing, frontal image processing, identical object recognition, facial age group classification and in-coming/out-going counting. The proposed system developed by C++, OpenCV and Kinect SDK, and it target group of 40 people(10 people by each age group) was setup for People Counting and Facial Age Group classification performance evaluation. The experimental results indicated approximately 98% accuracy in People Counting and 74.23% accuracy in the Facial Age Group classification.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 1991

This study investigated the relation between oral counting and numerical abilities of young children. The subjects were 33 four-year-old children and 47 five-year-old children from 2 preschools and 2 kindergartens in Kwangju. The test was individually administered in an empty classroom or a hallway by using counting buttons and number cards. The data were analyzed by t-test, Pearsons correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that (1) older children did better than younger children in oral counting. (2) but the older children did not do better than the younger children in the numerical abilities, (3) the numerical abilities of young children differed according to the degree of oral counting, and (4) the oral counting of young children was one significant predictor of numerical abilities. Findings support the inclusion of activities for oral counting in kindergartens.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of rational counting, addition and subtraction competence and the correlation between competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction in three-, four- and five-year-old children. The subjects were 156 preschoolers living in Seoul. The experimental materials consisted of a set of 20 props for rational counting, addition, and subtraction tasks. The addition and subtraction tasks each consisted of a set of 6 problems. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan multiple range test, and Pearson's r. The results indicated that 1) there were significant differences in the development of competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction by age, 2) there were no significant differences in competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction by gender, 3) there were positively high correlations of competence rational counting, addition, and subtraction by age.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.9-9
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• 2000

Accurate counting and packaging pills is one of the most fundamental works of the pharmaceutical industry. But it is so labor consuming and very hard to be automated. As the pharmaceutical industry is growing bigger, the need of counting and packaging automation is increasing to obtain effective mass production. Precise and quick sensing is required in the counting and processing of quickly dropping pills to improve the productivity. There are many trials for this automation and automatic machine. But the performance of the existing counting machine varies with the size, shape and the dispersion degree of pills In this research, authors design the counting and packing machine of medicinal pills that is more accurate and highly trustworthy After getting analog signal from optical sensor, pill passage is discriminated from chosen characteristic feature using microprocessor.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to address the theory of counting and the development of number concepts. Leslie Steffe and his colleagues developed the theory of children's counting types using the teaching experiment. As the results of their research, they published two books： "Children's counting types" (Steffe, von Glasersfeld, Richards, '||'&'||' Cobb, 1983) and "Construction of arithmetic meanings and strategies" (Steffe, Cobb, ＆ von Glasersfeld, 1988). They classified children's counting types into five categories： Perceptual Counting Stage, Figural Counting Stages, Initial Number Sequence Stage, Tacitly Nested Number Sequence Stage, and Explicitly Nested Number Sequence Stage. The meaning of this theory is added in the last part of this paper. this paper.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.299-304
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• 2015

Objectives: A people-counting system measures real-time occupancy through motion detection. Accurate people-counting can be used to calculate suitable ventilation demands. This study determined the optimum motion threshold for a people-counting system. Methods: In a closed room with two occupants moving constantly, different thresholds were tested for the accuracy of a people-counting system. The experiments were conducted at 150, 300, 450 and 600 lux. These levels of brightness included the illumination levels of most public indoor areas. The experiments were repeated with three types of clothing coloration. Results: Overall, a threshold of 16 provided the lowest mean error percentage for the people-counting system. Brightness and clothing color did not have a significant impact on the results. Conclusion: A people-counting system could be used with threshold of 16 for most indoor environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.652-657
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• 2013

In this study, we developed a counting method for non-contact ID cards using an optical fiber displacement sensor instead of the traditionally used friction counting method. The proposed method has the advantage of high speed and automated measurement. For counting non-contact ID cards, an H-type optical fiber sensor, jig part, and counting program are developed separately to build the system and adjust it. Through the experimental test results, it was confirmed that counting is possible with one type of international ID card and one type of financial security card based on ISO7810. Furthermore, by applying the proposed method to 100 ID cards 100 times repeatedly, it was confirmed that it has high accuracy and an error ratio of 0%. We experimentally demonstrated that the proposed counting method for non-contact ID cards using an optical fiber displacement sensor can perform measurements with high accuracy and high speed.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2010

In this paper the object recognition performance of a photon counting integral imaging system is quantitatively compared with that of a conventional gray scale imaging system. For 3D imaging of objects with a small number of photons, the elemental image set of a 3D scene is obtained using the integral imaging set up. We assume that the elemental image detection follows a Poisson distribution. Computational geometrical ray back propagation algorithm and parametric maximum likelihood estimator are applied to the photon counting elemental image set in order to reconstruct the original 3D scene. To evaluate the photon counting object recognition performance, the normalized correlation peaks between the reconstructed 3D scenes are calculated for the varied and fixed total number of photons in the reconstructed sectional image changing the total number of image channels in the integral imaging system. It is quantitatively illustrated that the recognition performance of the photon counting integral imaging system can be similar to that of a conventional gray scale imaging system as the number of image viewing channels in the photon counting integral imaging (PCII) system is increased up to the threshold point. Also, we present experiments to find the threshold point on the total number of image channels in the PCII system which can guarantee a comparable recognition performance with a gray scale imaging system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on comparisons of object recognition performance with 3D photon counting & gray scale images.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2006

There are many counting rules for analyzing man-made mineral fibers. The representatives are the NIOSH Method 7400 A and B counting rules. The two rules have different rules of length-to-width ratio(aspect ratio) and diameter. The A rule counts only fibers $>5{\mu}m$ in length, and only fibers with aspect ratio >3:1. The B rule counts only ends of fibers $>5{\mu}m$ in length and $<3{\mu}m$ in diameter, and only fibers with aspect ratio ${\geq}5:1$. The A counting rule had been used before the B counting rule was introduced. The purpose of this study is to compare the A and B counting rules for airborne fibers from various man-made mineral fibers(glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers, refractory ceramic fibers, and continuous filament glass fibers) industries. There were significantly differences between the paired counts of A and B rules in all types of fibers(p<0.05). A rule counts/B rule counts(A/B ratios) were 1.52 for glass fibers, 1.53 for rock wool fibers, 1.19 for RCF, and 1.82 for continuous filament glass fibers. The counting results by A and B counting rules were highly correlated in glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers and refractory ceramic fibers(RCF) samples (r=0.96 for all types of fibers) except continuous filament glass fibers(r=0.82). Regression equations to correct for the differences between counting rules were presented in this paper.