• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 1995

Intact mature zygotic embryos or their excised cotyledons of ginseng, were cultured on media containing various growth regulators such as auxin (2,4D, IAA) and cytokinin(BAP kinetin). In the culture of intact zygotic embryos, auxin inhibited germination but cytokinin did not Somatic embryogenesis occurred only from those of ungerminated embryos. In the culture of cotyledon segment, medium without growth regulators was the most appropriate to somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos were produced sporadically over the surfaces of zygotic embryos on medium containing auxin, while on medium without growth regulators, or media containing cytokinin, somatic embryos formed only on the proximal region of cotyledon. on medium containing 2,4-D, somatic embryos originated from multiple cells which comprised epidermal and subepidermal layers of cotyledon, which resulted in poly-somatic embryogenesis. When these somatic embryos were cultured on the same medium, the primary somatic embryos procured secondary embryos, which arose from epidermal or subepidermal single cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1999

Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of perilla were cultured on MS medium containing a combined concentration of BA(0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/$\ell$) and NAA(0.1, 0.5 and 2.0mg/$\ell$) in order to regenerate the explant and induce the callus. The best regeneration of the explant and induction of the callus were observed in a combined concenteration of 0.5mg/$\ell$ of BA and 0.5mg/$\ell$ NAA both in cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. In cotyledon explants, rooting was achieved upon transferring shoots to MS medium containing 0.5mg/$\ell$ of BA and 0.1mg/$\ell$ of NAA. We also investigated the change of protein and RNA content on developmental stage of callus and plant regeneration of perilla. Protein content was increased but RNA content was decreased as the culture period increases. The banding pattern of polypeptide revealed that both 30KD and 45KD polypeptides were obvious in cotyledon obtained from pre-culture explants, but only 30KD polypeptide was further getting obvious as the culture period increases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.301-304
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• 1998

Effects of genotype and culture medium on plant regeneration from cotyledon segments of red pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated. Among combinations of IAA(0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) and zeatin(2.0 and 4.0 mg/L) added to MS medium, combination of 2.0 mg/L zeatin and 0.25 mg/L IAA was shown to be the best for shoot differentiation from cotyledon segments. Shoot regeneration from cotyledon explants took 9 to 25days, depending on genotypes and culture media. Early shooting was observed in Yeongyangjaelae, Putgochw, Karkovskij-A-35, Gris I-A-1 on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L zeatin and 0.25 IAA mg/L. Percent of explants producing shoots, as also influenced by genotypes and culture media, were over 90% for 621, Yeongyangjaelae, Putgochw, Nikko jacksacgmulgochw, Ch-6-Num-216, and Kajenskij-A-35 when cultured on MS medum supplemented with 2.0 mg/L zeatin and 0.25 mg/L IAA and for Fresno chile, PI 169126, Kajenskij-A-35, jacksacgmulgochw, and PI 297438 on MS medium including 2.0 mg/L BA and 1.0 mg/L IAA.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

The influences of ethylene inhibitors ($AgNO_3$ and silver thiosulfate) and cytokinins (BAP and TDZ) on shoot regeneration from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of B. napus cv. Youngsan were investigated. The presence of $50{\mu}M$ Silver thiosulfate (STS) in shoot regeneration medium formed shoots at 60-68% after 3-4 weeks of culture, which was enhanced by 2-fold compared to that of Silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$). Moreover, cotyledon explants were more regenerative than hypocotyls; shoots from cotyledon explants began to occur 4-5 days earlier than that of hypocotyl explants. TDZ at a concentration of $8-10{\mu}M$ was effective for shoot regeneration, compared with BAP. Consequently, the optimal shoot regeneration response was observed in medium supplemented with $50{\mu}M\;STS+8{\mu}M\;TDZ$. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, higher density of silver nanoparticles was shown to be accumulated widely inside the cell wall and plasmodesmata of regenerating leaf cultured in medium supplemented with $AgNO_3$. By contrast, in the cell cultured in medium with STS, fine-grained deposits were partly observed in the surroundings of the cell wall.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2011

Soy sprouts cultured in a lab with five soybean cultivars and three commercial soy sprouts purchased in a market were investigated to compare the mineral and vitamine contents. In case of minerals, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were found as major minerals and a small quantity of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was also analyzed in soy sprout. The all minerals were distributed in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl but their concentration orders were different between in cotyledon and in hypocotyl. After boiling, much of minerals eluted in water, the pattern of release of the minerals from the soy sprout to water was similar in all soy sprouts. The vitamin C was concentrated a great amount in hypocotyl than in cotyledon whereas vitamin B was found in the cotyledon generally. And their contents were reduced after boiling owing to heat-mediated degrading. The vitamin C and B contents were different according to cultivars, which shows chemical composition of soybean seed was important to soy sprout characters. The present results provide a basis for attempt to improve seed quality in soybean breeding program for soy sprout.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.303-307
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• 2008

Cotyledon Black Decay (CBD) on soybean sprout mimics the black spot due to microbial infection. CBD, not visible or predictable at seedlot state, for some reason, shows up exclusively on cotyledon of soybean sprout during sprouting process. Such an incidence rate fluctuated from 0.8 to 19.5% over three years from 2004. We suspected some pod-infecting anthracnose fungi and/or pod-blight pathogen, or pod-sucking bean bug, one of the major pests of soybean, might have involved, of which we ruled out fungal pathogen because it was preventable through heat treatment, a proven method for seedlot disinfestation. The healthy seeds artificially fed by bean bug for one to seven days were sprouted, and 6 to 41% of the soybean sprout revealed the CBD mimic to those occurred in soybean sprout from previous commercial seedlot screening experiments. This finding is the first report to confirm that bean bug damage to pod at $R_8$ stage is directly responsible for the CBD, which did not concur with any other deleterious effects on sprouting such as reduction in hypocotyls elongation and rooting except unsightly sprout quality. However, earlier feeding either at green pod or greenish yellow pod stage ($R_6$ -early $R_7$ stage) resulted in rather severe damages, which strikingly reduced hypocotyls growth to about one forth to about two third, as well as the reduction in rates of seed germination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2003

To find out the relationship between pod development and cytokinin contents during reproductive stage of peanut, the cytokinin contents, trans-zeatin ribo-side (t-ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (diZR), were investigated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after flowering (DAF). The amounts of t-ZR and diZR in cotyledon and first branch among primary branches were 3, 448 pmol/g (FW) and 4, 824 p/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of other branches. The t-ZR and diZR contents of lower parts on the branch from cotyledon node at 7 DAF were 579 pmol/g (FW) and 2, 028 pmol/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of upper parts. The cytokinin contents of reproductive organs as flowering progressed were increased at 0 and 14 DAF on branch and position of node. The cytokinin contents of upper part with pruning the lower part on the branch from cotyledon node were high 112-337% at 7 DAF and 14 DAF compared with those of the control. In case of remove the upper part of the first internode on main axis, t-ZR contents was 4.7 times higher than diZR contents at 7 DAF. The pod setting rate of flower and position on the branch from cotyledon node was closely related to the cytokinin contents during floral reproductive stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate how KC6361, a new type diphenylether compound inducing bleaching, increase the greening of cucumber cotyledon in darkness. Protoporphyrin IX formation, reaccumulation rate of protochlorophyllide(Pchlide) in darkness after phototransformation and Shibata shift were not affected. Whereas, aminolevulinic acid(ALA), protochlorophyll and chlorophyll were increased, and especially protochlorophyll was significantly accumulated. When KC6361 and phytol were applied alone or in combination with ALA, the transformation from Pchlide into protochlorophyll was accelerated in darkness. These results suggest that the greening of the etiolated cucumber cotyledon treated with KC6361 seems to be caused by the accumulation of phytol or/and Geranylgeranylpyrophosphate and their increased esterification with Pchlide in darkness.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.212-216
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• 1995

These experiments were carried out to examine the effect of explant sources and plant growth regulators on callus induction and plantlet differentiation. Cotyledon and petiole explants of Cyclamen persium were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Cotyledon cultured on medium containing 2, 4-D and kinetin did not form callus or shoots. But when calli induced from petiole explants on medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4D and 1.0 mg/L kinetin were subcultured on the same medium the formation of shoots from calli occurred after 150 days of culture. The combination of NAA and BA were more effective than that of 2, 4 D and kinetin in the formation of shoots from calli, cotyledon culture was most effective on medium with 0.2 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA. Shoots excised from calli were rooted on medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA. The plantlets were subsequently transplanted to potting soil.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 1985

Distributions of seed weight were investigated with different seed sized peanut varieties planted at the same time, and germination and field emergence percentage, growth, and seed yield were compared among three seed sizes of four peanut genotypes. Field performance also was carried out to evaluate the effects of cotyledon removal on growth and yields in field with large and small seed-sized peanut varieties. The variation of seed weight of large seed-sized was wider than small seed-sized peanut variety. The larger seed showed the higher percent germination after 3 days cold treatment in laboratary and field emergence. The growth was not different with their sizes, while seed yield was related to seed size in small seed-sized genotypes. The growth of peanut such as main stem, internodes, and total branches was affected significantly by cotyledon removal, although the differences were not obvious after podding time, and in small seed-sized variety Oltangkong, the yields was decreased by cotyledon removal but not in large seed-sized variety.