• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

Three hundred and fifty-two growing pigs were utilized in three growth trials to investigate the effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation on growing pigs' growth performance and feed consumption. In Exp. 1, diets were formulated on the basis of digestible amino acids. Utilization of rapeseed meal plus cottonseed meal (R + C) in diet supported similar average daily gain (ADG), feed/gain (F/G) and cost per gain (p > 0.05) to group of soybean meal (SBM). In Exp. 2, 14% CP diets containing equal amount of cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were formulated with the addition of threonine and/or tryptophan. Supplementation with threonine improved ADG and F/G (p < 0.05). Supplementation with only tryptophan made no benefits for ADG of growing pigs. In Exp. 3, diets with different threonine level were formulated. Increasing dietary threonine to 0.54% improved (p < 0.05) ADG and F/G compared to 0.45% dietary threonine. Increase in dietary threonine did not improve ADG (p > 0.05) but decreased F/G (p < 0.05) because of a decrease in average daily feed intake. Pigs fed diet with dietary threonine/lysine ratio of 67.5% supported optimum growth performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to determine effects of soybean oil(SO), cottonseed oil(CO) and ricebran oil(RO) on stability and flavor of yackwa. This study consisted of yackwa fried in 3 differnet oils, then stored for 0, 3, 6 weeks in normal wrap at room temp. or vaccum package at $4^{\circ}C$. The moisture, oil contents, Hunter color values(L, 'a' and 'b'), % free fatty acid(FFA), thiobarbituric acid(TBA) value and sensory scores for color, flavor and acceptability were analyzed. The foam height of the oil after frying was also determined. Yackwa fried in RO was more red('a'=11.43) than yackwa fried in SO(10.64) or CO(10.51). TBA value of yackwa showed no difference among frying oils. Yackwa fried in SO showed better acceptability than those fried in CO. Yackwa fried in RO showed similar acceptability to yackwa fried in SO. The % FFA and TBA value of yackwa averaged across oil and package showed increasing tendency during 6 weeks storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.646-653
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• 2013

Four crossbred Sindhi heifers with an average body weight (BW) of 135 kg and a mean age of 17 months were used to investigate the effect of feeding different combinations of rice straw and ensiled water hyacinth (EWH) supplemented with a source of protein in the form of cottonseed cake (CSC) on intake and digestibility. Four treatments consisting of graded levels of EWH were arranged in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square. The levels of EWH were set at: 0 (EWH0), 15 (EWH15), 30 (EWH30), and 45% (EWH45) of an expected total dietary dry matter (DM) intake of 30 g total DM per kg BW per day. Rice straw was offered ad libitum, while CSC was given at a fixed level of 5 g DM/kg body weight (BW). Voluntary intake and digestibility were measured consecutively in the 4 experimental periods which each lasted 28 days. The crude protein (CP) content of EWH, rice straw and CSC were 174, 53 and 370 g/kg DM, respectively. Rice straw had the highest neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) content (666 g/kg DM), followed by EWH (503 g/kg DM) and the lowest content was 418 g/kg DM in the CSC. The actual EWH contents in the consumed diets were 0, 17, 32 and 52% for EWH0, EWH15, EWH30 and EWH45, respectively. Rice straw intake decreased with level of EWH offered from 3049 for EWH0 to 1014 g/day for EWH45. Crude protein intake was 16, 25 and 33% higher (p<0.001) in EWH15, EWH30 and EWH45 treatments, respectively, as compared to EWH0. Digestibility of organic matter (OM), CP, NDFom and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) increased with increasing level of EWH offered. The highest OM digestibility (72.2%) was found for treatment EWH45 and the lowest (47.4%) for treatment EWH0. In spite of similar dietary CP contents, CP digestibility increased by 21 (EWH15), 31 (EWH30) and 40% (EWH45) with increasing level of EWH in comparison with treatment EWH0. It is concluded that increasing level of EWH in cattle diets considerably improved CP intake and digestibility of nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1197-1205
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of feeding DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and DL-methionine (DLM) supplemented corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets on growth performance, carcass composition, and muscle color of broilers. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial experiment, including two methionine (Met) sources (HMTBA and DLM), three equimolar graded levels of Met supplementation (i.e., 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24% in the starter diet and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively), and two sexes (male and female). Additionally, one basal diet for each sex was formulated to be limiting in Met to test the dosage response of increasing supplemental Met levels. Four hundred and twenty 10-d-old broilers were randomly allotted to 14 treatments (seven each for males and females), with five replicate pens per treatment and six chicks per pen. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two Met sources in growth performance and muscle deposition of broilers throughout the whole experimental period (d 10 to 49). With the increasing Met supplementation levels, average daily gain was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter, grower, and overall phases, average daily feed intake was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter phase, and feed:gain ratio was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) during the grower and overall phases. At the end of finisher phase, Met supplementation increased breast muscle content (quadratic; p<0.01) and thigh muscle content (linear; p<0.05), and decreased abdominal fat content (quadratic; p<0.02). Compared to the broiler fed DLM, broilers fed HMTBA had superior breast and thigh muscle coloration (p<0.01). Male broilers had higher weight gain and feed intake and better feed conversion than female broilers (p<0.01). The fat content of thigh muscle in female broilers was higher than that of male broilers (p<0.03). The best fit comparison of HMTBA vs. DLM was determined by Schwarz Bayesian Criteria index, which indicated that the average relative bioefficacy of HMTBA vs. DLM was 120% with 95% confidence limit 67 to 172%. These results indicated that Met supplementation improved growth performance and carcass quality of broilers fed corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets irrespective of Met sources. Compared to DLM, HMTBA has the same molar bioefficacy on improving the growth performance and carcass quality of broilers; however, HMTBA fed birds had superior meat color to DLM fed birds.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop the best medium of new oyster mushroom for bottle culture. The new oyster mushroom cv. Miso is a Pleurotus ostreatus developed at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. For the bottle culture media, poplar sawdust+beet pulp+cottonseed meal (5:3:2), poplar sawdust+wheat husk meal (8:2), poplar sawdust+beet pulp+cottonseed meal (6:2:2), poplar sawdust+beet pulp+cottonseed meal (4:4:2), and poplar sawdust+beet pulp+wheat husk meal (7:1:2) were used in 850cc PP bottle. The pH was 5~6 and the C/N ratio 19.7~28.3 in bottle culture media. The time of pinhead formation was 5 to 6 days. For the fruiting body formation after inoculation took 29~31 days. The yield of fruiting body of poplar sawdust+beet pulp+wheat husk meal (7:1:2) medium was the highest at 110.4g/bottle compared to other media. Therefore, such cultivation medium would be appropriate for the commercial production of bottle culture in the new oyster mushroom 'Miso'.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.681-685
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• 1990

Changes in the physicochemical characteristics and trans acid of cottonseed oil under the condition of selective hydrogenation, temperature$210^{\circ}C,\;H_2\;pressure\;0.3\;kg/cm^2$ Ni catalyst amount 0.12% (in oil), agitation speed 280 rpm, were investigated. The saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid and stearic acid did not show any difference, while linoleic acid($50.03%{\rightarrow}9.38%$) were transformed to oleic acid ($20.65%{\rightarrow}60.35%$) during hydrogenation. In linoleic acid isomers, cc form were reduced significantly, but ct, tc, tt form showed little change, respectively. In oleic acid isomer, t form increased markedly, whereas there was no significant difference in c form. Meanwhile, melting point(MP) and solid fat content (SFC) were linearly increased, but iodine value(IV) linearly decreased as hydrogenation proceeded. From these results, linear regression equations were obtained as follows. MP & IV : Y= 1.59-2.36X(r=-0.96, p<0.05), SFC($at\;20^{\circ}C$) & MP : Y=2.81+2.01X(r=0.96, p<0.05), SFC($at\;20^{\circ}C$) & IV : Y=9.40-5.16X(r=-0.99, p<0.01), SFC($at\;20^{\circ}C$) & 18 : 1t : Y=6.25+8.48X(r=0.97, p<0.05)

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.556-566
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate supplementation level of lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus clausii), yeast (Saccharomyces cariocanus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus) for degrading free gossypol and glucosinolate in the fermented total mixed ration (TMR) containing cottonseed meal (CSM) or rapeseed meal (RSM), to improve the utilization efficiency of these protein sources. Methods: For LAB, L. plantarum or B. clausii was inoculated at 1.0×10⁸, 1.0×10⁹, 1.0×10¹⁰, and 1.0×10¹¹ colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. For yeast, S. cariocanus or W. anomalus was inoculated at 5×10⁶, 5×10⁷, 5×10⁸, and 5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM, respectively. The TMR had 50% moisture and was incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. After fermentation, the chemical compositions, and the contents of free gossypol and glucosinolate were determined. Results: The results showed that the concentration of free gossypol content was reduced (p<0.05), while that of the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in the TMR containing CSM inoculated by B. clausii (1×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM). Similarly, the content of glucosinolate was lowered (p<0.05) and the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in TMR containing RSM inoculated with B. clausii (1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/g DM). Conclusion: This study confirmed that inclusion of B. clausii with 1.0×10⁹ or 1.0×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM, or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) to TMR containing CSM/RSM improved the nutritional value and decreased the contents of anti-nutritional factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1277-1280
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• 2004

The effect of duodenal infusion with feed oligo-peptide solution on portal absorption of amino acids was investigated in poultry under unanaesthetized conditions. Four peptide solutions were used in the experiment: enzymatic hydrolysates from fish meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal proteins with average molecular weights less than 3,000 Da and 1,000 Da, respectively. Intestinal absorptions of these oligo-peptide solutions were compared by determining the concentration of free amino acid (FAA) in portal blood after the duodenal administrations of oligo-peptide solutions. Absorptive intensity and balance were used to estimate the intestinal absorption rate of amino acids. The absorptive intensities of amino acids were highest for the fish and soybean meal oligo-peptides. The ratios of amino acids absorbed in the portal blood from fish and soybean meal oligo-peptides were more similar to the composition of the infused amino acids than that observed from the cottonseed and rapeseed meal oligo-peptides. A positive correlation was found between absorption rate and proportion of PAA in the oligo-peptides. The higher absorption rate could be contributed to the higher proportion of peptide bound amino acids (PAA). The results suggest that fish and soybean meal protein are significantly more easily hydrolyzed into oligo-peptides (p<0.05) in the gastrointestinal tracts of poultry and as such can be utilized more effectively by body tissues.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.830-836
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• 2000

A participation scheme involving smallholder dairy farmers in improving dairy productivity through the use of local feeds, on-farm established feeds and crop residues was carried out in the Northeast, Thailand. At six milk collection centers, 63 farmers with 340 lactating cows participated in this research and demonstration of feed supplements. Farmers and cows were allotted to receive respective feed supplements: high-quality feed block (HQFB), high-quality feed pellet (HQFP), dried cassava leaf/cassava hay, dried leucaena leaf and cottonseed meal: 5% urea treated rice straw was fed as a source of roughage throughout the feeding period of the dry season. Trainings and workshops were organized by the researchers at the University, research station, demonstration sites and on-farms. Regular visits to the fartns by researchers and extension officers were made while discussions and demonstrations were performed in addition. Participating farmers also visited other farmers during the demonstration which offered a real practical perspective and farmer-to-farmer interaction. As a result of this participation and demonstration scheme, the farmers could learn more effectively and accepted the technology more readily, especially the practicality of the feed preparation, feed establishment, feeding method and feed reserve. Strategic supplementation of these feed supplements resulted in improving milk yield, milk quality, overall condition of the cows and higher income return through increased productivity and lower level use of concentrate to milk yield from 1:2 to 1:3 or lower. Based on this research and demonstration /participation scheme, all feed supplements enhanced productivity, however the establishment of cassava hay on fartns deserved more attention and warrants a wider developmental expansion among dairy farmers since it contained high rumen by-pass protein (tannin-protein complex) and could be easily produced and be sustainable on farms.