• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.514-521
• /
• 2017

Spinach is a vegetable crop which is widely grown over a large area especially in Punjab province of Pakistan. Leaf curling and enations on spinach plant collected shown to be associated with the begomovirus Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) and Shahdadpur strain of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite ($CLCuMB^{Sha}$). Defective molecules of half and quarter size derived from monopartite begomoviruses are usually generated by the deletion of virion-sense sequences. Characterization of defective molecules of PeLCV from spinach revealed that the molecules of half the size are derived from the deletion of complementary-sense genes while quarter size molecule appears to have evolved by further deletion. This is the first report of the begomovirus-betasatellite complex on spinach and unusual defective molecules derived from deletion of complementary-sense genes in Pakistan.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.881-888
• /
• 2007

In order to investigate the characteristics of the non-biodegradable material, the $BOD_5/COD_{Cr}$ ratio was used. The average ratio of industrial complex's influent wastewater was 2.29~2.96, the effluent ratio was 4.29~19.0. The removal efficiency of $UV_{254}$ by physicochemical treatment was 22.8~94.7% and 5.3~77.2% by biological treatment, respectively. Of the wastewater removal efficiency for each of the items, the $BOD_5$ treatment efficiency was the greatest at 97.3% and the color & TN treatment efficiency was 40~70%. The study of the economical assessment showed that the complex as well as the individual companies spent 722~1,298 won for each ton of treated wastewater. All of the wastewater treatment facilities spent the most money on chemicals needed to treat the wastewater. The total cost for Nylon manufacturing wastewater treatment plant was the greatest while the total cost for cotton manufacturing wastewater treatment plant turned out to the lowest. As respects of removal efficiency and economocal assessment, Polyester A and Cotton manufacturing wastewater treatment plants were better effective than a dyeing industrial complex wastewater treatment plant.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to make a search for the usefulness of marigold plants (Tagetes erecta) as a natural dye. And we have also examined into the dyeability and antifungal activity of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant and 1% liquid colorant. Almost surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant and that dyed with 1% liquid colorant except for that treated Cu and Fe with mordants were shown by Y-level. $L^*$ values of silk fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant were 66.2 to 86.39, those $a^*$ values were -1.97 to 6.09, and those $b^*$ values were 13.69 to 35.97. And $L^*$ values of cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant were 78.97 to 89.62, those a values were -3.39 to 0.38, and those $b^*$ values were 5.63 to 15.61 $L^*$ values of silk fabrics dyed with 1% liquid colorant were 34.37 to 85.57, those a values were -7.79 to 12.33, and those $b^*$ values were 15.13 to 82.91, And $L^*$ values of cotton fabrics dyed with 1% liquid colorant were 44.12 to 87.90, those $a^*$ values were -8.37 to 6.18, and those $b^*$ values were 11.65 to 78.87. Colorfastness of silk fabrics against light treated nothing with mordants and that dyed with 1% liquid colorant decreased for a little by second grade, however, that against washing, rubbing, perspiration and dry cleaning were increased over fourth grade. Colorfastness of cotton fabrics in terms of rubbing, light, and dry cleaning, except for washing and perspiration, were shown by over third grade, when that was treated nothing with mordants. Antifungal activities of silk fabrics treated nothing with mordants and dyed with 1% liquid colorant of marigold extracts were shown by 28.9% against Staphylococcus aureus. However, those of Al, Ca, Cu and tartaric acid mordanting were more than 25.5% against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2007

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of the major and evolutionally conserved signaling pathways and plays pivotal role in the regulation of stress and developmental signals in plants. Here, a novel gene, termed Gossypium hirsutum MAPK (GhMAPK), was isolated from cotton. The full-length cDNA of GhMAPK encodes for a 372 amino acid protein that contains all 11 of the MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylationactivation motif, TEY. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that GhMAPK shared high identity with group-C MAPK in plants and showed 83~89% similarities with MAPKs from Arabidopsis, apricot, pea, petunia, and tobacco. Southern blot analysis indicated that the GhMAPK belonged to a multygene family in cotton. Two introns were found within the region of genomic sequence. Northern blot analysis revealed that the transcripts of GhMAPK accumulated markedly when the cotton seedlings were subjected to various abiotic stimuli such as wounding, cold (4$^{\circ}C$), or salinity stress; Furthermore, GhMAPK was upregulated by the exogenous signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2C$), as well as pathogen attacks. These results indicate that the GhMAPK, which has a high degree of identity with group-C plant MAPKs, may also play an important role in response to environmental stresses.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.869-877
• /
• 2016

This study looks into the dyeing properties and functionality of cotton fabrics dyed in both the Spirodela polyrhiza extract and the extract resulting from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza. Since the UV-Vis Spectrum of the methanol extract of Spirodela polyrhiza shows absorption peaks at 256, 268nm, and 345nm, it can be inferred that the compound that Spirodela polyrhiza contains is a flavonoid. In addition, it can also be presumed that, by analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of Spirodela polyrhiza, the plant contains flavonoid compounds, just like Salvia plebeia R. Br.. The UV protection factors of the cotton fabrics dyed in both the Spirodela polyrhiza extract and the extract from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza were 50+, presenting outstanding UV protection factors. The deodorization rate of the cotton dyed in the Spirodela polyrhiza extract was between 30 and 120 minutes, and the rate rose from 92% to 97% as time passed. The deodorization rate of the cotton dyed in the extract from the mixture of Salvia plebeia R. Br. and Spirodela polyrhiza increased from 88% to more than 91%. The result also revealed that overall the fastness of color, including color fastness to washing related to change in color, as well as the color fastness to light of the fabric dyed in the extract from the mixture of the two plants improved, compared to the cloth dyed only in Spirodela polyrhiza extract. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity was also strengthened.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2024

This study analyzed the effects of different nitrogen sources in substrate composition on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as the subsequent changes in flavor and antioxidant activity. The T2, composed of poplar sawdust, beet pulp, cotton seed dregs, and cotton seed coat in a ratio of 40:20:20:20, exhibited the highest yield at 156.6 g. The total polyphenol content and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 8.25 mg GAE/g, 70%, and 49%, respectively, showing higher radical scavenging activity compared to the Control and T1. Additionally, varying nitrogen content resulted in distinct aroma patterns and is presumed to influence taste profiles such as sourness, umami, and saltiness.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.139-143
• /
• 2002

Cotton Glutathione S-Transferase (GST: EC 2.5.1.18) was cloned and overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Northern blot analysis confirmed the successful transformation of cotton gst gene in tobacco plant. Type I and Type ll transcript patterns were identified in transgenic tobacco plants and only Type I transcripts were discussed in this paper, The activity of GST in the type II transgenic plants was about 1.5-fold higher than those of the wild type and non-expresser by using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and reduced glutathione as the substrate. The expression of cotton GST in tobacco plants proved that Gh-5 could be translated into functional protein. Type II transgenic plants produced functional GST in the cells. The effects of cotton GST in the seedlings was evaluated by growing the control and transgenic seedlings at $15^{\circ}C$ in the growth chamber in the light. Overexpressors were grown well compared to the control plants (non-expressors). lo test far tolerance to salinity, seeds of Gh-5 overexpressors and the wild type Xanthi seedlings were grown at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl solution. Gh-5 transgenic seedlings showed higher growth rate over control seedlings on 50 and 100 mM NaCl solution. There was no difference in growth rate at 150 and 200mM NaCl concentration.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.139-142
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to develop antibacterial hand towel and dishcloth against food poisoning bacteria, and to examine the dyeability and the antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics against food poisoning bacteria, which was dyed with 1 % extracts of Geranium nepalense at $50\;to\;60^{\circ}C$ minutes. Surface colors of cotton fabrics treated nothing, alum $[AIK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}nH_2O]$, and calcium hydroxide $[Ca(OH)_2]$ with mordants showed grayed-yellow group, that treated copper sulfate $(CUSO_4)$ with mordant was grey-brown group, and that treated sulfate of iron $(FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O)$ made grayed-green group. Hue value of cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts of Geranium nepalense and dried until twenty times was an order of descent Y, that dried thirty to forty an order of descent YR. Cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts of Geranium nepalense had the antibacterial activity against food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil and Salmonella typhimurium by over 99.99%. And that dried over thirty times showed the antibacterial activities against food poisoning bacteria by 52.91%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.218-222
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to find optimum condition through sterilization methods for cultivation of Neutaribeosut (Oyster mushroom). 1. Yield of additive culture of pine sawdust, cotton and rice hulls at bag­cultivation of Neutaribeosut. was similiar to additive culture of pine sawdust, cotton and pulpe as conventional methods. 2. Yield of Neutaribeosut at low temp. sterilization method as 50 to 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 7days treatment was higher about 18 to 19％ than that of high temp. as 121$^{\circ}C$ and 90 minutes treatment. 3. In case of farmer­cost, low than high temperature sterilization method appeared lowly about 12％. So this method will be of advantage to farmers in both yield and farmer­cost.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.604-612
• /
• 2011

Beauveria bassiana SFB-205 supernatant can effectively control cotton aphid populations, which is closely associated with its chitinase activity. The present work extends to optimizing a culture medium to produce more efficacious supernatant in flask conditions, followed by scale-up in 7 L, 300 L and 1.2 KL fermentors with the parameter of chitinase. In flask conditions, a combination of soluble starch and yeast extract produced the greatest amount of chitinase (5.1 units/ml) and its supernatant had the highest aphicidal activity. An optimal quantitative combination of the two substrates, estimated by a response surface method, enabled the supernatant to have 15.7 units/ml of chitinase activity and 3.7 ml/l of median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of toxicity against cotton aphid adults in laboratory conditions. In the scale-up conditions, overall supernatant had 25-28 units/ml of chitinase activity. Decrease in pH and limitation of dissolved oxygen (DO) during cultures were significantly related to the yield of chitinase. These results suggest that the substrate-dependent chitinase production can be background information for optimizing a culture medium, and pH and DO are critical factors in maximizing the production in scale-up conditions.