• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.534-541
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• 2024

Background/Aims: In March 2022, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) released the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/AAMI ST91:2021, their latest update on comprehensive, flexible, and semirigid endoscope reprocessing. These updated standards recommend the sterilization of high-risk endoscopes when possible and provide new recommendations for the precleaning, leak testing, manual cleaning, visual inspection, automated reprocessing, drying, storage, and transport of endoscopes. Methods: ANSI/AAMI ST91:2021 was compared with ANSI/AAMI ST91:2015 for major reprocessing differences that result in either time and/or cost increases. Time estimates were captured by explicit recommendation inclusion or taken from the literature. All the costs were estimated using publicly available resources. Results: The updated standards represent a potential 24.3-minute and 52.35 to 67.57 United States dollars increase per procedure in terms of reprocessing time and spending, respectively, not including capital investments. Capital costs per procedure were highly dependent on the procedure volume of the facility. Conclusions: The new AAMI standards recommend several major changes, such as sterilization, for facilities to reprocess and manage endoscopes between uses. As more facilities increase their reprocessing methods to reflect the updated standards, they do so at a cost and introduce several delays. As the reprocessing landscape evolves, facilities should consider their true costs and alternative solutions, such as single-use endoscopes.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

Purpose - The objective of this study is to investigate what motivates global FDI inflows in the different economic development level and to clarify the FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth. Design/methodology/approach - Major macroscopic social·economic factors induced FDI inflows were analyzed using fixed-effect panel regression with 30-year panel data of 28 countries from 1985 to 2014. For analysis in the stage of economic growth, two category of developed and developing countries was used. And to analyze FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth, 4 shares of GDP; consumption·government·investment expenditure and export, was used as explanatory variable. Findings - In developed country, TFP(total factor productivity) and GDP have a great influence on FDI inflows, and consumption and labor compensation have a slight effect. This result indicates that the market seeking-driven, horizontal type investment is shown along with efficiency seeking investment. In developing country, human capital and TFP is shown to have greater impact on FDI inflows and labor compensation, exports, investment and government expenditures also have impacts. Thus it has confirmed that not only efficiency-seeking vertical investment for using low cost well educated laborer, but also government-driven economic growth and export policies could affect the FDI inflows. Research implications or Originality - The FDI investment decision making of multinational companies is decided by their own purpose. But, in the concept of as follows; 1) FDI is a long-term capital flowing for maximization of economic utility with limited global resource, 2) Thus FDI could be affected by macro socio·economic factors of host country. 3) Also such macro factors is different by each economic growth qualitative level. Therefore macro socio·economic factors of each country could be affected by the qualitative level of their own economic growth. To attract FDI inflows, it is desirable to implement differentiated incentive policies in the qualitative level of economic growth. Furthermore in developing countries it is recommended to implement government driven economic growth policies as follows; fostering well educated human resources, improving technology productivity in the relative lower cost labor market compared to developed countries and boosting international export volume.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2010

순환유동층 연소로에서 폐목질계 바이오매스를 이용한 5 MWe 규모의 발전시설에 대한 경제적 타당성에 대하여 고찰하였다. 초기투자비, 폐목재의 가격, 탄소배출권, 계통한계가격과 같은 주요 변수들이 사업의 경제성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 폐목재를 무상으로 공급하고, 기반투자비용 106.5억원, 계통한계가격 99원/kWh의 기준에서 사업의 내부수익률은 16.67%로 계산되어 사업성이 비교적 높은 것으로 예상되었다. 사업의 수익에 영향을 크게 미치는 인자는 계통한계가격, 가동율, 초기투자비, 폐목가격, 탄소배출권의 순으로 나타났다. 또한 사업 위험도를 관리하기 위하여 판매처를 다양화할 수 있는 방안의 하나로 열판매가 가능한 열병합발전을 고려할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

Risk-based estimation has been successfully introduced into the construction industry. By incorporating historical data associated with probability analysis, risk-based estimate is an effective decision support aid in considering whether to launch a particular project. The industry challenges, however, especially related with management issues, such as labor shortage, wage growth, and supply chain complexity, have often resulted in poor cost performance. The insufficient assessing the project characteristics (i.e., resource availability, project complexity, and project delivery method) can be the main reasons in the poor cost performance. Because the accuracy level of cost performance prediction can be enhanced by extensive evaluation of the subject project characteristics, a new approach for predicting cost performance in an earlier stage of a project can improve the Industry substantiality, in other words, value maximization. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new methodology in developing a risk-based estimate tool by incorporating extensive project characteristics. To do this, an extensive industry survey was conducted from both private and public sectors in building industry in Korea. In addition, significant project characteristics were identified in terms of cost performance indicator. Although the data collection is limited to Korean industry the suggested approach provides the industry with a straightforward methodology in risk management. As many researchers maintained that front-end planning efforts are crucial in achieving the successful outcome in building projects, the new method for risk-based estimation can Improve the cost performance as well as enhance the fulfillment in terms of business sustainability.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.161-194
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• 2018

본 연구는 미국 전력산업에서 협동조합과 민영전기사업자간의 소유권 형태의 차이가 기업의 운영성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 2001년부터 2014년까지의 패널데이타를 구축하여 비용함수, 이중차분법 등을 추정한 결과, 협동조합은 높은 이자비용과 제한된 자금조달 등 소유권 형태로 인해 자본이용에 제한이 있고 운영한계비용 또한 기업 규모에 따라 가파르게 증가하는 반면, 민영전기사업자의 경우 상대적으로 자유로운 자본접근성을 바탕으로 전력산업에 존재하는 규모의 경제를 잘 활용하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서 소유권 형태가 기업의 수익성에 미치는 영향은 찾지 못하였으며, 발전효율성과 소유권형태의 상관관계 또한 통계적으로 유의미하지 않은 것으로 분석되었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.132-160
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• 1995

This study purported to acquire information necessary to improve the management of general hospitals. It tried to determine major indices which represent managerial performance of general hospitals and to identify the managerial characteristics of general hospitals which affect the major financial indices. Eighty-eight hospitals were chosen from 188 hospitals which were subject to standardization audit by the Korean Hospital Association. The results of a discriminant analysis are summarized as followings. First, when a single index was used to measure managerial performance of the sample hospitals, the ration of net profit to total capital was the best index and its discriminant power was 58.14%. The ratio of the number of boardmen((M. D.) and average daily medical cost were highly related to this index. Second, when two indices were used, income growth rte and the ration of net profit to total capital had the highest discriminant distinction ability. Their discriminant power was 61.9%. In this case, the ratio of the number of boardmen(M. D.) was significantly and highly related to the indices. Third, when all three indices-income growth rate, the ration of net profit to total capital and quick ratio - were used together, a discriminant function was statistically insignificant. Therefore, using all three indices was not useful in measuring managerial performance of the sample hospitals. In conclusion, using two indices-income growth rate and the ration of net profit to total capital-was better in measuring manegerial performance of general hospitals than using a single index. The independent variable which affected these indices was the ration of the number of boardmen. The discriminant function was : $D_{GI}=2.77+4.832\times(the ratio of the number of boardmen)$ *G=growth index(income growth rate) *I=profit index(the ration of net profit to total capital)

• 노동경제논집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.29-47
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• 2003

본 연구는 Mincer와 Ben-Porath의 최적인적자본 축적모형을 이용해서 외환위기 이후 급증한 이공계 석 박사 학위 졸업자들의 미취업 사태를 완화하고자 도입된 정부의 인턴연구원 지원사업이 동 사업으로 혜택을 받은 석 박사 학위자들의 인적자본 축적에 어느 정도의 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하였다. Tobit모형을 사용한 추정 결과에 따르면 인턴사업에 의한 인적자본 투자수익률이 인턴사업의 특성과 지원 대상인 고급과학기술인력을 분석 대상으로 하고 있다는 점을 감안한다면 투자수익률이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 정부가 미취업 고급인력의 인적자본의 진부화(obsolescence) 속도를 늦추고 더 나아가서 현장실습을 통해서 새로운 인적자본을 축적할 수 있는 기회를 제공했던 인턴사업이 성공적이었음을 의미한다. 따라서 지식기반사회에서 국가경쟁력의 핵심인 고급인력의 구조적 실업을 완화시킴으로써 인적자본 축적에 큰 기여를 하고 있는 인턴사업의 경제적 효과를 극대화시킬 수 있는 여러 가지 방안들이 정책적으로 강구되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1992-1998
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• 2014

본 연구는 지난 십 여년간 우리 사회에서 중요한 주제로 대두되었던 지역균형발전과 관련하여 그 의미 및 필요성과 방법에 대하여 논의하였다. 이전의 연구와 달리 본 연구는 현재의 경제구조의 특징이 지역균형발전에 대하여 의미하는 바를 분석하였다. 최근의 경제구조는 과거의 산업사회와 달리 정보사회, 지식기반경제, 디지털 경제 등으로 정의되고 있으며, 지식 및 아이디어, 인적자본 등의 역할이 중요하다는 특징을 갖고 있다. 본 고는 그러한 새로운 경제구조에서 지역균형발전의 개념은 이전의 산업사회와 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 지역균형발전 조건에 필요한 물적 자본의 효율적 배분을 유지하기 위해서는 동시에 지역별 인적자본의 효율적 배분이 필요함을 지적하였다. 또한 지역의 불균형 발전이 발생시키는 사회적 비용을 추정하기 위하여, 지역들이 균형적으로 발전하는 경우에 비하여 불균형적으로 발전하는 경우에 경제성장률이 감소하게 되는 점을 의태모형실험을 통하여 보였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.127-155
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• 2010

The international transactions of capital goods such as industrial plant exports, overseas constructions, and shipbuilding exports, are so huge that tremendous amount of funds are required, and that most of the loans are long-term credits of over five years. In the export of huge capital goods, financing is more crucial than technology itself. Some of the importing countries are developing ones that are politically and economically unstable. Therefore the financing mechanism for these transactions is conclusive in winning these projects. Global financial market instability caused by US sub-prime mortgage financial crisis expanded all over the world, and the international transactions have been decreased due to global credit crisis. This indicates how much influential the financing market is in international transactions. The financing schemes are classified into supplier credit and buyer credit by who provides the financing. A supplier credit is a credit extended by an exporter(seller) to an importer(buyer) as part of an export contract. Cover for this transaction may be extended by an export credit agency('ECA') to the exporter. In a sales contract a seller shall provide fund required to manufacture goods, and in a construction contract a contractor shall provide fund required to complete a construction. A buyer credit is an arrangement in which an exporter enters into a contract with an importer, which is financed by means of a loan agreement A Comparative Study on a Supplier Credit and a Buyer Credit in International Transactions of Capital Goods 155 where the borrower is the importer. In a sales contract a buyer shall provide fund required to manufacture and procure the goods, and in a construction contract an owner shall provide fund required to complete a construction. Therefore an exporter is paid on progressive payment method. A supplier credit and a buyer credit have their own advantages and disadvantages in the respect of the parties respectively. These two financing methods are selectively used considering financing conditions such as funding cost, importer's and/or exporter's financial conditions, importing country's political risk.

• 정보화정책
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.55-72
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• 2011

이 연구는 온라인상의 도움행동의 원인을 알아보기 위해 기존의 도움행동에 관한 연구를 기반으로 도움행동의 요인을 사회인구학적 요인, 상황요인, 개인동기요인, 사회자본요인으로 구분하고 각각에 해당되는 요인들의 영향력을 조사연구를 통해 살펴본다. 2010년 서울시 대학생 475명을 대상으로 조사한 결과 사회인구학적 요인에서는 연령과 종교가, 상황요인에서는 도움행동의 기회가, 이기적 동기요인에서는 시간과 노력의 손실비용이, 그리고 가장 중요하게는 사회자본이 온라인상에서 남을 돕는 행동에 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 제시되었다. 성과 계층요인, 도움으로 얻는 이득이나 이타적 동기로서 감정이입, 그리고 개인규범 등의 요인은 유의미한 설명력을 갖지 못했다. 도움행동을 유형별로 살펴본 결과에서도 사회자본요인이 정보도움을 제외한 경제도움, 정서도움, 시간과 노력의 도움에서 가장 중요한 설명요인이었다. 이 결과를 토대로 정책적 함의를 논의해 본다.