• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-42
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• 2006

This paper describes the design scheme of the three-dimensional structures based on the concept of the cellular automata simulation. The cellular automata simulation is performed according to the local rule. In this paper, the local rule is derived in the mathematical formulation from the optimization problem. The cell density is taken as the design variable. Two objective functions are defined for reducing the total weight of the structure and obtaining the fully stressed structure. The constraint condition is defined for defining the local rule. The penalty function is defined from the objective functions and the constraint condition. Minimization of the penalty function with respect to the design parameter leads to the local rule. The derived rule is applied to the design of the three-dimensional structure first. The final structure can be obtained successfully. However, the computational cost is expensive. So, in order to reduce the computational cost, the material parameters $c_1$ and $c_2$ and the value of the cell rejection criterion (CRC) are changed. The results show that the computational cost depends on the parameters and the CRC value.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2015

The modular assembly system can make it possible for the variety of products to be assembled in a short lead time. In this system, necessary components are assembled to optional components tailor to customers' orders. Budget for inventory investments composed of inventory and purchasing costs are practically limited and the purchasing cost is often paid when an order is arrived. Service cost is assumed to be proportional to service level and it is included in budget constraint. We develop a heuristic procedure to find a good solution for a continuous review inventory system of the modular assembly system with a budget constraint. A regression analysis using a quadratic function based on the exponential function is applied to the cumulative density function of a normal distribution. With the regression result, an efficient heuristics is proposed by using an approximation for some complex functions that are composed of exponential functions only. A simple problem is introduced to illustrate the proposed heuristics.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2024

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) provide a high level of security for private keys using unique physical characteristics of hardware. However, fabricating PUF chips requires numerous semiconductor processes, leading to high costs, which limits their applications. In this work, we introduce a low-cost manufacturing method for PUF security chips. First, surface roughening through wet-etching is utilized to create random variables. Additionally, physical vapor deposition is added to further enhance randomness. After PUF chip fabrication, both Hamming distance (HD) and Hamming weight (HW) are extracted and compared to verify the fabricated chip. It is confirmed that the PUF chip using two different multiple process variables demonstrates superior uniqueness and uniformity compared to the PUF security chip fabricated using only a single process variable.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2015

BPEL은 서비스 지향 컴퓨팅 환경에서 조건에 따른 작업의 흐름과 웹 서비스의 호출을 기술할 수 있어 다양한 도메인에서 사용되고 있다. 하지만 특정 도메인에서는 BPEL 문법에 없는 새로운 기능이 요구된다. 일반적으로 기존 언어에 없는 새로운 기능을 추가한 경우에 도메인 특화 언어를 새롭게 정의하고 개발해야 하는데, 이를 위해서는 많은 개발 비용이 소요된다. 따라서 새로운 기능이 추가된 도메인 특화언어를 개발하는 대신에 새로운 기능을 추가하여 사용해야 한다. 그러나 이 방법들은 단일 기능을 추가할 수 있을 뿐이고, 필요에 따라 새로운 기능을 설계하고 추가하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 필요에 따라 새로운 기능을 추가하기 위해 XML 스키마를 통해 BPEL의 문법적 기능을 확장할 수 있는 XAS4B 문서를 정의하고, 이 문서를 처리하여 기능이 추가된 BPEL 엔진을 생성하는 BPEL 엔진 생성기를 제안한다. XAS4B 문서는 BPEL에 추가되는 문법을 XML 스키마로 작성하고 추가된 문법의 기능을 JAVA 프로그램으로 작성할 수 있도록 한다. 그리고 추가된 기능을 관점지향 프로그래밍의 JAVA 구현체인 AspectJ를 이용하여 새로운 기능의 처리 모듈을 BPEL 엔진에 추가하는 방법을 보인다. 제안하는 시스템은 AspectJ를 이용하여 BPEL 엔진을 수정하지 않고 새로운 기능을 추가할 수 있으며, 요구되는 새로운 기능에 대해 동일한 방법을 사용하여 손쉽게 추가할 수 있으므로, 다양한 분야에서 적은 비용으로 새로운 기능을 제공할 수 있다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 1976

In this paper, the employment planning model is developed which is a decision-making model for determining the optimum employment level with respect to varying net manpower requirement for each planing period such that total cost in a planning horizon is minimized. It is constructed as a nonlinear programming model and a dynamic programming model on the basis of studies in the areas of production smoothing and manpower scheduling. Costs for a planning period are categorized into regular wage cost, hiring cost, and overtime cost. The first is a linear function. The other two cost functions are of quadratic nature. The planning horizon of this planning model is intermediate range (five years) for which a fair planning accuracy can be guaranteed. The model considers learning period for each job class. It is simple and an optimum solution can be easily obtained by direct search techniques.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 1998

When a product is designed, tolerances must be given to the product so that required functions are guaranteed and production costs are minimized. In this research, a model is suggested which allocates tolerances to components optimally according to the STA(Statistical Tolerance Allocation) method. Taking into account the concept that dimensional errors have characteristics of statistical distributions, this model presents the discrete pseudo-boolean approach for the tolerance optimization by minimizing the tolerance cost and the quality loss cost. In this approach, two methods are proposed for the reduction of the problem scale; 1) a method for converting the minimization model for casts into the maximization model for cost savings, and 2) procedures to reduce the number of constraints and variables.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2020

Recently the blockchain technology has been actively studied due to its great potentiality. The smart contract is a key mechanism of the blockchain system. Due to the short history of the smart contract, many issues have not been solved yet. One main issue is vulnerability and another main issue is cost optimization. While the vulnerability of smart contract has been actively studied, the cost optimization has been rarely studied. In this paper, we propose two cost optimization methods for smart contracts running on the blockchain system. Triggering a function in a smart contract program code may require costs and it is repeated continuously. So the minimization of costs required to trigger a function of smart contract while maintaining the performance equally is very important. The proposed two methods minimize the usage of expensive permanent variables deployed on the blockchain system. We apply the proposed two methods to three prevalent blockchain platforms: Ethereum, Klaytn and Tron. Evaluation experiments verify that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the costs of functions in the smart contract written with Solidity.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.349-376
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• 1999

The objective of this paper is to identify the problems of Korean inland transportation system and suggest the improvement plan for reducing the export logistics cost. The results are as follows: (1) Expansion of logistics hub facilities : Logistics hub facilities- integrated freight terminal and ICD, etc. can shorten the empty leg and reduce the logistics cost. (2) Design for CVO(Commercial Vehicle Operations) : CVO has various functions that improve the efficiency and effectiveness of freight transportation. (3) Rationalization of freight transportation industry : In particular, the deregulation of the motor freight industry and the privatization of the railway industry induce the competition among their firms and undercut the transportation rates in the long run. (4) Use of third-party logistics : The benefits of TPL are system reliability, improved customer service, and more efficient cost performance.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2463-2466
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• 2008

The public transportation in operation or to be planned domestically includes subway, LRT, bimodal tram and bus, which are independently characterized in their passenger capacity and cost. High quality service is generally accompanied by high cost of construction and operation. Thus, ITS, BIS/BMS and BRT system are recently introduced to provide high quality service to the passengers with the cost as low as possible. The bimodal tram is under development to achieve such goals in public transportation. The passenger capacity is approximately expected to be 10,000$\sim$17,000 persons/hour and the construction cost to be 10$\sim$30 million dollars/km. It is possible to construct the infrastructure gradually depending on the demand of transportation in the planned route, which can effectively reduce the initial cost to launch the service. The bimodal tram is developed to provide the advantages of subway and bus to the passengers with respect to the scheduled operation and flexibility of the lines.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.197-199
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• 2014

모바일의 확산으로 인한 SNS 서비스의 이용이 날로 증가하고 있다. SNS의 서비스는 통신과 Social 기능으로 인한 많은 이점과 사용자들에 대한 유익한 측면을 가지고 있으나, 반면에 이로 인한 피로감과 같은 부정적인 측면이 있다. 소비자가 상품을 선택할 때 비용과 혜택을 충분히 고려하고 상품과 서비스 이용에 대한 의사결정을 내린다는 점에서 본 연구는 SNS가 가져오는 유익한 측면과 피로감 또는 경제적인 추가 비용의 부담과 같은 부정적인 측면을 비용의 범주로 고려하여 SNS가 가지고 있는 유무형의 가치를 평가하고자 한다.