• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2006

In order to determine safety factor of corrugated fiberboard boxes for agricultural products, relationship with effect of relative humidity and structure of box types must be defined. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows; 1. Results show a detrimental effect on bursting strength of corrugated boards with increasing relative humidity of environment. 2. Compression strength of corrugated boards were decreased rapidly after the relative humidity was over 70 percent. 3. Compression strength of corrugated board boxes were greatly depending on the box types. Folder type showed the best performance at higher humidity environment while bliss type was the worst. 4. Further studies are needed in order to expect box compression strength in real distribution environment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.290-307
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to estimate adverse effect on compression strength of corrugated fiberboard containers due to vibration during distribution process. Distribution environment such as road conditions and compression strength of corrugated fiberboard containers for selected agricultural products were studied. We found that increasing humidity does not effect significantly on natural frequencies of boxes, but results in accelerative effect to decrease compression strength of boxes. Box structures and product types also effect on loss of compression strength greatly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2005

Determination of safety factor of corrugated fiberboard boxes used for agricultural products is very complicated process due to nature of living products. Moisture content is one of the most critical factors to determine overall physical strength of paper, so its influences on strength properties of corrugated board made from different raw materials must be quantified. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows; 1. Results show a detrimental effect on bursting strength and compressive strength of liners with increasing relative humidity of environment and moisture content of liners. 2. The relevance of equilibrium moisture content at varying relative humidity levels was proved and its relationship was used as an important factor to estimate box compression strength. 3. Test results was statistically used for establish the relationship between relative humidity and moisture content of liners. Estimated compression strength of boxes at varying moisture content was similar to results of theoretical equations such as Kellicutt's. Further study could be carried out in order to determine a optimum safety factors of various corrugated board boxes for agricultural products.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2010

In this study, we performed corrugation fluting experiments to examine the relationship between high-low corrugation of a corrugated medium and compressive strength of corrugated containers for food packaging. A low-grade corrugated medium was found to suffer from weak tensile resistance and to be prone to stealing, which tends to produce low corrugation. In contrast, a medium with a large corrugation deviation often caused slimming during fluting and produced irregular corrugations. Experiments of high-low corrugation distribution according to corrugated medium grades indicate that a high grade medium shows a smaller ratio of low corrugation. The thickness of corrugated fiberboard is weakly correlated to the basis weight of medium, yet positively correlated to the medium thickness (y=3.9732x+4.2712, $R^{2}=0.8142$) and inversely proportional to the medium density (y=-3.1213x+6.8736, $R^{2}=0.9919$). Compressive strength of a corrugated fiberboard box is low, if made of corrugated medium with large low corrugation distribution. Compressive strength showed 13% variation with respect to medium grades and 21% variation for various test samples. The corrugation fluting of a corrugated medium is related to physical properties such as basis thickness and density.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop the corrugated fiberboard box which is suitable to pre-cooling and low temperature distribution of chinese cabbage Consider from a cooling performance viewpoint, the folding type box with 5.4% vent hole ratio was most efficient for fast cooling and even temperature distribution in the packaging box. At the end of storage periods, the compressive strength of the folding type box was less than the bliss type box. However, the compressive strength of the folding type box after storage was higher than required safety compressive strength for long term storage. So the folding type box was considered to have no problems toy practical use. The shelf-life of the chinese cabbage packaged with the developed box was 6∼7 days which was 2∼3 days longer than usual packaging.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 1999

Top-to-bottom compression strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes is partly dependent on the load-carrying ability of the central panel areas. The ability of these central areas to resist bending under load will increase the stacking strength of the box. The difference of box compression strengths, among boxes which are made with identical dimensions and fabricated with same components but different flute sizes, is primarily due to difference of the flexural stiffness of the box panels. Top-to-bottom compression strength of a box is accurately predicted by flexural stiffness measurements and the edge crush test of the combined boards. This study was rallied out to analyze the flexural stiffness, maximum bending force and maximum deflection for various corrugated fiber-boards by experimental investigation. There were significant differences between the machine direction (MD) and the cross-machine direction (CD) of corrugated fiberboards tested. It was about 50% in SW and DW, and $62%{\sim}74%$ in dual-medium corrugated fiberboards(e.g. DM, DMA and DMB), respectively. There were no significant differences of maximum deflection in machine direction among the tested fiberboards but, in cross direction, DM showed the highest value and followed by SW, DMA, DMB and DW in order. For the corrugated fiberboards tested, flexural stiffness in machine direction is about $29%{\sim}48%$ larger than cross direction, and difference of flexural stiffness between the two direction is the lowest in DMA and DMB.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2000

The study aimed to review linerboard compositions of corrugated fiberboard boxes for Oriental melons(Cucumis melon L. var makuwa), analyzing relationships among material compositions, price, weight of boxes, theoretical compression and bursting strength of various liner boards. 19 and 22 different liner boards were currently used for the bleached and the unbleached corrugated boards, respectively. The corrugated board containers with the bleached liners were mostly used in the market although the average price was 10 percents higher than the unbleached. The average compression strength of the bleached. We strongly recommend to redesign the boxes because the average compression and bursting strength of the current boxes were much higher than national packaging standards as much as 70 and 82, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.391-398
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• 2002

During handling unitized products, they are subjected to a variety of environmental hazards. Shock and vibration hazards are generally considered the most damaging of the environmental hazards on a product and it may encounter while passing through the distribution environment. A major cause of shock damage to products is drops during manual handling. The increasing use of unitization of pallets has been resulted in a reduction of the shock hazards. This has caused an increasing interest in research focused on vibration caused dam age. Damage to the product by the vibration most often occurs when a product or a product component has a natural frequency that falls within the range of the forcing frequencies of the particular mode of transportation being used. Transportation vibration is also a major cause of fruit and vegetable quality loss due to mechanical damage. This study was conducted to determine the vibration characteristics of the corrugated fiberboard bones for packages of pears, and to investigate the degree of vibration injury of the pears in the boxes during the simulated transportation environment. The vibration tests were performed on an electrohydraulic vibration exciter. The input acceleration to exciter was fixed at 0.25 G for a single container resonance test and 0.5 G for the vertical stacked container over the frequency range from 3 to 100 Hz. Function generator (HP-33120A) was connected by wire to the vibration exciter for controlling the input acceleration at a continuous logarithmic sweep rate of 1.0 octave per min. The peak frequency and acceleration on the single box test were 22.02 Hz, 1.5425 G respectively, and these values on the vertical stacked boxes were observed from the bottom box 19.02, 18.14, 16.62 and 15.40 Hz and 2.2987, 3.7654. 5.6087, and 7.9582 G, respectively. The pear in the bottom box had a slightly higher damage level than the fruit packed in the other stacked boxes. It is desirable that the package and transportation system has to be so designed that 15∼20 Hz frequency will not occur during the transportation environment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 1996

The compression strength of the corrugated fiberboard boxes is very important information to the manufacturers and the end users. The computer program being used to design the compression strength of the boxes was developed by using Korean Standards for the corrugated fiberboard box and some other data. The developed computer program could be applied to only the boxes produced according to the Korean Standards. Also this program needs to be revised continuously by the newly added and developed data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.173-180
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• 2001