• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.257-273
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• 2015

Numerical value of correlation between effective parameters in the strength of a structure is as important as its stochastic properties in determining the safety of the structure. In this article investigation is made about the variation of coefficient of correlation between effective parameters in corrosion initiation time of reinforcement and the time of concrete cover cracking in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Presence of many parameters and also error in measurement of these parameters results in uncertainty in determination of corrosion initiation and the time to crack initiation. In this paper, assuming diffusion process as chloride ingress mechanism in RC structures and considering random properties of effective parameters in this model, correlation between input parameters and predicted time to corrosion is calculated using the Monte Carlo (MC) random sampling. Results show the linear correlation between corrosion initiation time and effective input parameters increases with increasing uncertainty in the input parameters. Diffusion coefficient, concrete cover, surface chloride concentration and threshold chloride concentration have the highest correlation coefficient respectively. Also the uncertainty in the concrete cover has the greatest impact on the coefficient of correlation of corrosion initiation time and the time of crack initiation due to the corrosion phenomenon.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2020

The present work proposes new engineering models for determining corrosion initiation time in concrete reinforcing steels in marine environment. The models are based on Fick's second law that is commonly used for chloride diffusion. The latter is based on deterministic analyses involving the most influencing parameters such as distance of the concrete structure from the seaside, depth of steel concrete cover, ambient temperature, relative humidity and the water-cement ratio. However, a realistic corrosion initiation time cannot be estimated because of the uncertainties associated to the different parameters of the models. Therefore a reliability approach using FORM/SORM method has been applied to develop the proposed engineering models integrating a limit state function and a reliability index β. As a result, the corrosion initiation time is expressed by new exponential engineering models where the uncertainties are associated to the model parameters. The main emerging result is a realistic decision tool for corrosion planning inspection.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

A series of classical G109 type concrete specimens was exposed to cyclic wet and dry ponding with 15 w/o NaCl solution for approximately five years. Mix design variables included 1) three cement alkalinities (EqA of 0.97, 0.52, and 0.36) and 2) three water-cement ratios (0.50, 0.41, and 0.37). To determine the corrosion initiation time, corrosion potential and macro-cell current between top and bottom bars were monitored. Subsequent to corrosion initiation, specimens were autopsied and visually inspected. Concrete powder samples were collected from top rebar trace and chloride concentration was measured. Also, time-to-corrosion, $T_i$, for specimens of the individual mix designs was represented using Weibull analysis. Time-to-corrosion was a distributed parameter; and because of this, corrosion initiation of four identical specimens for each mix varied, often over a relatively wide range. Specimens fabricated using the lowest water cement ratio and the highest alkalinity cement exhibited the longest time-to-corrosion initiation and the highest chloride threshold levels. Time-to-corrosion did not increase monotonically with cement alkalinity, however, presumably as a consequence of relatively high $Cl^-$ binding in the lower pore water pH range. The chloride threshold level, $Cl_{th}$, increased with increasing $T_i$ and, consequently, was greatest for the highest cement alkalinity specimens.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.305-313
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• 2017

A robust finite element based reinforced concrete bridge deck corrosion initiation model is applied for time-dependent probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The model is focused on uncertainties in the governing parameters that include variation of high performance concrete (HPC) diffusion coefficients, concrete cover depth, surface chloride concentration, holidays in reinforcements, coatings and critical chloride threshold level in several steel reinforcements. The corrosion initiation risk is expressed in the form of probability over intended life span of the bridge deck. Conducted study shows the time-dependent sensitivity analysis to evaluate the significance of governing parameters on chloride ingress rate, various steel reinforcement protection and the corrosion initiation likelihood. Results from this probabilistic analysis provide better insight into the effect of input parameters variation on the estimate of the corrosion initiation risk for the design of concrete structures in harsh chloride environments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.4481-4490
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• 2022

In this study, a new rupture disk corrosion test (RDCT) method was developed for real-time detection of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation of Alloy 600 in a primary water environment of pressurized water reactors. In the RDCT method, one side of a disk specimen was exposed to a simulated primary water at high temperature and pressure while the other side was maintained at ambient pressure, inducing a dome-shaped deformation and tensile stress on the specimen. When SCC occurs in the primary water environment, it leads to the specimen rupture or water leakage through the specimen, which can be detected in real-time using a pressure gauge. The tensile stress applied to the disk specimen was calculated using a finite element analysis. The tensile stress was calculated to increase as the specimen thickness decreased. The SCC initiation time of the specimen was evaluated by the RDCT method, from which result it was found that the crack initiation time decreased with the decrease of specimen thickness owing to the increase of applied stress. After the SCC initiation test, many cracks were observed on the specimen surface in an intergranular fracture mode, which is a typical characteristic of SCC in the primary water environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.229-230
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• 2010

The Carbonation, one of the main deterioration factors of concrete, reduces capacity of members with providing rebar corrosion environment. Consequently it suggested standards of all countries of world, carbonation depth prediction equation of respective researchers and time to rebar corrosion initiation. As a result of carbonation depth prediction equation calculation, difference of time to rebar corrosion initiation is 149 years and difference of carbonation depth prediction equation is 162 years when water cement ratio is 50%. So a study on rebar corrosion with carbonation depth will need existing reliable data and verifications by experiment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.201-204
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• 2005

The initiation of steel corrosion due to chloride diffusion is predicted to consider time-dependancy of surface chloride content. the profile of chloride concentration is the following: constant condition > square root condition > linear condition From these results, the initiation of steel corrosion in concrete is reverse order of above results of chloride profile. the effect of prolongation to initiation of steel corrosion is decreased with increasing concrete cover

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

Since nuclear power plants are being operated under high temperature and high pressure, on-line monitoring technique to detect corrosion could be more effective than off-line method in shut-off period. In this operating condition, electrochemical noise method may be suitable to monitor the corrosion. This paper aims the analysis on the relation between the cracking and electrochemical noise signal of Alloy 600 under U-bending. When electrochemical noise monitoring technique was used during SCC test, it was judge to be obvious that if cracks generate, its generation can be detected by electrochemical current noise. Cracking-related noise was defined as the noise showing 5~10 times greater than the average value of background noise bands. On the base of crack noise, crack initiation time was determined. From SCC test and electrochemical noise monitoring in $25^{\circ}C$, 0.1 M $Na_2S_4O_6$ solution (Reverse U-Bended Alloy 600 SE+), average crack initiation time was obtained as 9,046 seconds and from its initiation time, it could be defined that net crack propagation rate is the crack length divided by ${\Delta}T$(= total test period - crack initiation time). Therefore, average net crack propagation rate was obtained to be $1.18{\times}10^{-9}\;m/s$.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.203-208
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• 2016

DC potential drop technique was employed during the slow strain rate tests to study the hot salt stress corrosion crack (HSSCC) initiation at 300 and $400^{\circ}C$. Threshold stresses for HSSCC initiation were found to about 88 % of the yield strength at both temperatures, but the time from crack initiation to final failure (${\Delta}t_{scc}$) decreased significantly with temperature, which reflects larger tendency for brittle fracture and secondary cracking. The brittle fracture features consisted of transgranular cracking through the primary ${\alpha}$ grain and discontinuous faceted cracking through the transformed ${\beta}$ grains.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.325-343
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• 2005

Chloride ingress is a common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete located in coastal zone. Modeling the chloride ingress is an important basis for designing reinforced concrete structures and for assessing the reliability of an existing structure. The modeling is also needed for predicting the deterioration of a reinforced structure. The existing deterministic solution for prediction model of corrosion initiation cannot reflect uncertainties which input variables have. This paper presents an approach to the fuzzy arithmetic based modeling of the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures that takes into account the uncertainties in the physical models of chloride penetration into concrete and corrosion of steel reinforcement, as well as the uncertainties in the governing parameters, including concrete diffusivity, concrete cover depth, surface chloride concentration and critical chloride level for corrosion initiation. There are a lot of prediction model for predicting the time of reinforcement corrosion of structures exposed to chloride-induced corrosion environment. In this work, RILEM model formula and Crank's solution of Fick's second law of diffusion is used. The parameters of the models are regarded as fuzzy numbers with proper membership function adapted to statistical data of the governing parameters instead of random variables of probabilistic modeling of Monte Carlo Simulation and the fuzziness of the time to corrosion initiation is determined by the fuzzy arithmetic of interval arithmetic and extension principle. An analysis is implemented by comparing deterministic calculation with fuzzy arithmetic for above two prediction models.