• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.37 no.3_4
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• pp.34-47
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• 1995

It is experienced fact as a regular annual event that the structure to he designed on unreasonable flood for the agricultural structures including reservoirs have been brought not only loss of lives, but also enormous property damage. For the solution of this problem at issue, this study was conducted to develop an optimal runoff hydrograph model by comparison of the peak flows and time to peak between observed and simulated flows derived by linear time-invariant and linear time-variant models under the condition of having a short duration of heavy rainfall with uniform rainfall intensity at nine small watersheds which are within the range of 55.9 to 140.7 square kilometers in area in Han, Geum, Nagdong and Yeongsan Rivers. The results obtained through this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Storage constants and Gamma function arguments were calculated within the range of 1.2 to 6.42 and of 1.28 to 8.05 respectively by the moment method as the parameters for the analysis of runoff hydrograph based on linear time-invariant model. 2. Parameters for both linear time-invariant and linear time-variant models were calibrated with nine gaged watershed data, using a trial and error method. The resulting parameters including Gamma function argument, N and storage constant, K for linear time-invariant model were related statistically to watershed characteristic variables such as area, slope, length of main stream and the centroid length of the basin. 3. Average relative errors of the simulated peak discharge of calibrated runoff hydrographs by using linear time-variant and linear time-invariant models were shown to be 0.75 and 5.42 percent respectively to the peak of observed runoff hydrographs. Correlation coefficients for the statistical analysis in the same condition were shown to be 0.999 and 0.978 with a high significance respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the accuracy of a linear time-variant model is approaching more closely to the observed runoff hydrograph than that of a linear time-invariant model in the applied watersheds. 4. Average relative errors of the time to peak of calibrated runoff hydrographs by using linear time-variant and linear time-invariant models were shown to be 16.44 and 19.89 percent respectively to the time to peak of observed runoff hydrographs. Correlation coefficients in the same condition were also shown to be 0.999 and 0.886 with a high significance respectively. 5. It can be seen that the shape of simulated hydrograph based on a linear time- variant model is getting closer to the observed runoff hydrograph than that of a linear time-invariant model in the applied watersheds. 6. Two different models were verified with different rainfall-runoff events from data for the calibration by relative error and correlation analysis. Consequently, it can be generally concluded that verification results for the peak discharge and time to peak of simulated runoff hydrographs were in good agreement with those of calibrated runoff hydrographs.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1991

Cross correlation method was newly applied for the calculation of latency of evoked otoacoustic emission. The latency was calculated froth the main peak of cross correlation function, which is one of Possible definition of latency. The output was also compared with those of conventional autocorrelation method. The results show that cross correlation method has better Performance than that of conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between impact and shear peak force, and tibia-accelerometer variables during running. Method: Twenty-five male heel strike runners (mean age: 23.5±3.6 yrs, mean height: 176.3±3.3 m/s, mean mass: 71.8±9.7 kg) were recruited in this study. The peak impact and anteroposterior shear forces during treadmill running (Bertec, USA) were collected, and impact shock variables were computed by using a triaxial accelerometer (Noraxon, USA). One-way ANOVA was used to test the influence of the running speed on the parameters. Pearson's partial correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the peak impact and shear force, and accelerometer variables. Results: The running speed affected the peak impact and posterior shear force, time, slope, and peak vertical and resultant tibial acceleration, slope at heel contact. Significant correlations were noticed between the peak impact force and peak vertical and resultant tibia acceleration, and between peak impact average slope and peak vertical and resultant tibia acceleration average slope, and between posterior peak (FyP) and peak vertical tibia acceleration, and between posterior peak instantaneous slop and peak vertical tibial acceleration during running at 3 m/s. However, it was observed that correlations between peak impact average slope and peak vertical tibia acceleration average slope, between posterior peak time and peak vertical and resultant tibia acceleration time, between posterior peak instantaneous slope and peak vertical tibial acceleration instantaneous slope during running at 4 m/s. Conclusion: Careful analysis is required when investigating the linear relationship between the impact and shear force, and tibia accelerometer components during relatively fast running speed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-203
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• 2004

Objective : Tension-type headache is the most common headache. The objective of this study is to find the clinical manifestation of tension-type headache and correlation with autonomic bioelectric response. Methods : This observation was carried out on 60 patients with tension-type headache. We used headache questionnaire and the Autonomic Bioelectric Response recoder(ABR-2000) for this study. Results : 1. Distribution of sex & age : male : female=5 : 7, 50s&60s group (28.3%) 2. Duration of onset : over 5years(50%), over one years(83.4%) 3. Causes of illness : stress(58.3%), severe fatigue(53.5%), tension(33.3%) 4. Time of attack : irregular(56.7%), day time(16.7%) 5. Pattern of pain: heavy(31 people), stiffness of occipital region (27 people) tightening around the head(25 people) 6. Curve : 40%, 56.7%, 35.0% SL(Slope low) at peak 1, 2, 3/ SH&SI not found 7. Regulation : 16.7% RR(Regulation reverse) at peak 1, 25% RH(Regulation high) at peak 2, 15% RR(Regulation reverse) at peak 3 8. Graph : Activity-60.0%, 70.0%, 63.3% lowered reaction(L, LR, L!) at peak 1, 2, 3 Reactivity-83.3%, 95.0%, 93.3% lowered reaction at peak 1, 2, 3 Conclusion : We find tension-type headache has remarkable relativeness with autonomic bioelectric response.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.51.2-51.2
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• 2010

We have investigated 63 intense geomagnetic storms (Dst $\leq$ -100 nT) that occurred from 1998 to 2006. Using these events, we compared Dst forecast models: Burton et al. (1975), Fenrich and Luhmann (1998), O'Brien and McPherron (2000a), Wang et al. (2003), and Temerin and Li (2002, 2006) models. For comparison, we examined a linear correlation coefficient, RMS error, the difference of Dst minimum value (${\Delta}$peak), and the difference of Dst minimum time (${\Delta}$peak_time) between the observed and the predicted during geomagnetic storm period. As a result, we found that Temerin and Li model is mostly much better than other models. The model produces a linear correlation coefficient of 0.94, a RMS (Root Mean Square) error of 14.89 nT, a MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation) of ${\Delta}$peak of 12.54 nT, and a MAD of ${\Delta}$peak_time of 1.44 hour. Also, we classified storm events as five groups according to their interplanetary origin structures: 17 sMC events (IP shock and MC), 18 SH events (sheath field), 10 SH+MC events (Sheath field and MC), 8 CIR events, and 10 nonMC events (non-MC type ICME). We found that Temerin and Li model is also best for all structures. The RMS error and MAD of ${\Delta}$peak of their model depend on their associated interplanetary structures like; 19.1 nT and 16.7 nT for sMC, 12.5 nT and 7.8 nT for SH, 17.6 nT and 15.8 nT for SH+MC, 11.8 nT and 8.6 nT for CIR, and 11.9 nT and 10.5 nT for nonMC. One interesting thing is that MC-associated storms produce larger errors than the other-associated ones. Especially, the values of RMS error and MAD of ${\Delta}$peak of SH structure of Temerin and Li model are very lower than those of other models.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2013

Background: This study was conducted to examine if basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels could be useful for screening central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls. Methods: A total of 90 girls under the age of 8 years were included in this study. They underwent the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test at Good Gang-An Hospital from March 2008 to December 2012 for evaluation of premature sexual development. Patients were classified into two groups: the pubertal response group of patients who had 5 IU/L peak LH levels in the GnRH stimulation test, and the prepubertal response group of patients who had LH levels <5 IU/L. Chronological and bone ages, height, weight, body mass index, gonadotropin response to GnRH stimulation, and basal levels of LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol were studied in both groups. The relationship between basal LH and peak-stimulated LH was evaluated using Spearman's correlation. To determine the optimal cut-off values of basal LH levels for differentiating between two groups, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed. Results: When the correlation between basal LH levels and peak LH after GnRH stimulation was analyzed in all subjects (N=90), basal LH levels had a statistically significant positive correlation with peak stimulated LH levels (rs=0.493, p<0.001). The cut-off level of optimal basal LH was 0.1 IU/L, according to the ROC curves. Its sensitivity was 73.3%, and its specificity was 77.8%. Conclusion: The study results showed that serum basal LH levels are useful for screening CPP in girls.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1242-1246
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• 2003

Data pertained to 335 crossbred cows comprising of 1/2 Friesian (F) + 1/2 Hariana (H), 1/2 F + 1/4 Jersey (J) + 1/4 H, 1/2 F + 1/4 Brown Swiss (BS) + 1/4 H, 1/2 F + 1/4 Red Dane (R) + 1/4 H, FR (I) and FRH (I) genetic groups extending over a period of 21 years (1970-1990) maintained at Animal Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. The averages for first lactation milk yield was $2,486.24{\pm}80.26kg$ and peak yield of first three lactation were $11.35{\pm}0.72kg$, $13.97{\pm}0.60kg$ and $16.02{\pm}0.42kg$, respectively. The lifetime milk production was observed as $11,305.16{\pm}1,004.52kg$ in crossbred cattle. The average first lactation fat yield was observed as $102.06{\pm}0.01kg$ and peak fat yield of first three lactation were $0.458{\pm}0.01$, $0.490{\pm}0.01$ and $0.500{\pm}0.02kg$, respectively. The lifetime fat production was estimated as $502.31{\pm}45.90kg$. LTMP and LTFP had reasonably good additive genetic variance which could be exploited either through mass selection/combined with family or pedigree selection. FLMY, peak yields and LTMP had significant positive phenotypic correlation with FLFY and LTFP and the correlation at the genetic level were also higher and positive for these traits. Finally, peak week milk yield of first lactation (PMY1) was the earliest available trait having desirable and significant correlation at phenotypic and positive at genetic level with FLFY, PFY1 and PFY2, PFY3 and LTFP and selection for this trait will help in early evaluation of sires and dams and will increase genetic advancement per unit of time.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2007

Dance movements consist of combinations of movements such as jumping, rotation, maintaining balance, leg lifts, and plantar flexion with toe shoes. Dance movements require great muscle strength of lower extremities as well as muscular endurance. The purposes of this study were to investigate correlation between the anthropometric variables and the peak torque in young female dancers and to identify variables that affect isokinetic peak torque. Twenty-six female dancers ($19.7{\pm}1.2$ years of age) performed concentric maximum force efforts on the knee extensors and flexors at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$, the ankle plantar flexors (PF) and dorsiflexors (DF) at $30^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$. Antropometric variables such as age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), thigh girth, calf girth and duration of dance training were measured. To identify antropometric variables related to muscle strength, Pearson correlations were computed and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Pearson correlation coefficients of Knee extensor at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$ revealed moderate positive associations with BMI and thigh girth. Pearson correlation coefficients of ankle PF revealed low-to-moderate positive associations with height. Ankle DF also revealed moderate positive associations with BMI and calf girth. The main predictor variables of knee extensor at 60/sec, were stepwise multiple regression, age, height, thigh and girth.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.211-227
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• 2023

To investigate the non-Gaussian feature of fluctuating wind pressures on rectangular high-rise buildings, wind tunnel tests were conducted on scale models with side ratios ranging from 1/9~9 in an open exposure for various wind directions. The high-order statistical moments, time histories, probability density distributions, and peak factors of pressure fluctuations are analyzed. The mixed normal-Weibull distribution, Gumbel-Weibull distribution, and lognormal-Weibull distribution are adopted to fit the probability density distribution of different non-Gaussian wind pressures. Zones of Gaussian and non-Gaussian are classified for rectangular buildings with various side ratios. The results indicate that on the side wall, the non-Gaussian wind pressures are related to the distance from the leading edge. Apart from the non-Gaussianity in the separated flow regions noted by some literature, wind pressures behind the area where reattachment happens present non-Gaussian nature as well. There is a new probability density distribution type of non-Gaussian wind pressure which has both long positive and negative tail found behind the reattachment regions. The correlation coefficient of wind pressures is proved to reflect the non-Gaussianity and a new method to estimate the mean reattachment length of rectangular high-rise building side wall is proposed by evaluating the correlation coefficient. For rectangular high-rise buildings, the mean reattachment length calculated by the correlation coefficient method along the height changes in a parabolic shape. Distributions of Gaussian and non-Gaussian wind pressures vary with side ratios. It is inappropriate to estimate the extreme loads of wind pressures using a fixed peak factor. The trend of the peak factor with side ratios on different walls is given.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2022

This study aimed to compare the Korean Activity Status Index (KASI) with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) among patients with acute myocardial infarction. A total of 2,268 patients (85.4% male; mean age, 59.3±10.2 years; range, 23-90 years) diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled in the Regional Center Myocardial Infarction Registry between July 2016 and June 2019. The KASI is a tool used to measure functional capacity by asking patients about their ability to perform specific activities and then scoring their responses. In contrast, CPET is the gold standard for assessing the objective functional capacity in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) was used to analyze the correlation. Patients who completed two consecutive KASI and CPET evaluations during their first (KASI_1, VO_2peak_1) and second visits (KASI_2, VO_2peak_2) for cardiac rehabilitation were included in the study. The mean KASI_1 and KASI_2 scores were 43.3±14.3 and 49.8±13.9, respectively, and the mean VO_2peak_1 and VO_2peak_2 scores were 25.9±8.0 and 28.5±8.3, respectively. Both the KASI scores were significantly correlated with the measured VO_2peak during each visit, with correlation coefficients of 0.385 (P<0.001) and 0.346 (P<0.001), respectively. Moreover, the KASI score and VO_2peak had a linear relationship (VO_2peak_1=0.22×KASI_1+16.5, P<0.001; VO_2peak_2=0.21×KASI_2+18.2,VO_2peak_2=0.21×KASI_2+18.2, P<0.001). This study revealed that the KASI is a valid measure for the follow-up evaluation of the functional capacity of patients. These findings suggest that VO_2peak can be predicted using the KASI score in patients who do not undergo CPET.