• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2012

Acoustic telemetry is used to obtain a relatively continuous record of fish movement. This method has several advantages for studying migrating fish populations that are moving from large rivers. The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea and the main stream has faced a change, which consists of the installation of the large weirs. In this study, we applied acoustic telemetry to monitor the movement pattern of Erythroculter erythropterus (family Cyprinidae) and identified home range and movement distance in the Nakdong River. A total of fourteen individuals were released at three different locations and around 80 km section from the estuary barrage was investigated. Eight individuals were tagged and released at estuary barrage (N02) utilized up to 15.9 km (home range) upstream from the release site as home range. Four individuals were tagged and released at Samrangjin (N07), most fish moved and stayed within 9.7 km (home range) downstream area, except E12, which did not show any movement. Two individuals were tagged and released at Changnyeong-Haman weir (N10), and all individuals migrated downstream from the release site. Especially, E14 recorded the longest accumulated detected distance, 36.7 km downstream during 32 days after release. There was no correlation identified between movement (accumulated detected distance and home range) and standard length (Spearman rank correlation, p>0.05). Although, this technique could be an available method to monitor behavior and ecology of freshwater fish effectively, increment of number of receivers and tags are required for more detailed results of fish migration.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1994

This research was carried out to investigate how the growth of corn was affected by the heavy metal contents in soils near the old zinc-mining sites, by analyzing correlation between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soils collected from Yonghari Ilwoulmyun YongyangGun in Kyeongpook province in 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The contents of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and as in the Youngyang area were very high compared with those in a normal area. Heavy metal contents in soils collected from $2.0{\sim}2.5Km$ distance from the mining area were the highest, and those from 3.0 Km than those from 1.5 Km were even higher. 2. For heavy metal contents in leaves of all surveyed crops, Zn, Pb, Cu and As were the highest in soybean, followed by corn and rice. 3. Growth parameters of corn in polluted fields were comparatively poor and heavy metal contents in soils of the respective sites were higher than those in fields where rice was cultivated 8 years ago and irrigation was not done previously. 4. Heavy metal contents in the leaf part of corn plant showed a similar tendency to those in soils, being the highest among the different parts of corn plant, and they were in the decreasing order of Zn > Cu > As > Cd > Pb in each part. But the differences of metal contents in each part varied. 5. Generally, a negative relationship existed between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soil, of which Cu and Pb were significantly correlated with plant height, ear height, diameter of stem, ear length and yield of corn. 6. There existed a positive correlation between the contents of Pb,Cd and As in soils and those in the different parts of corn plant. The higher contents of Pb, Cd, and As in soil, the more those in corn plant incressed. The contents of Pb and As in corn grains showed a highly significant positive correlation with Cd and As contents in soils.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

This research was carried out to obtain the field resistance to disease and pest, and high yielding of new Boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.) varieties. Growth characteristics, yield potential, correlation of trait which was related the yield and path coefficient of the domestic native varieties. two of cultivated varieties and four of introduced varieties were investigated. In growth characters of collected varieties, the stem length of collected varieties in China were slightly long. Leaf area in Jindo, Kumsan native and Yusong 1 and 2 were wider than that of other varieties. Resistance to pest iniury was very strong at China 1, Japan 1 and Yusong 2 in eriophyidmite, and also resistance to anthrax anthracnose were showed less than 10% of the rate of attack fruit at Japan 1 and China 1. Flowering stage was more early in Chungyang native than that of other varieties. Fruit size of Kumsan native, Yusong 2 were large size fruit varieties. Fruit setting number was most abundant at 1,623 in Yusong 2 which was collected variety. And dry yields of fruit per lOa was more cmparatively abundant in Yusong 2 at 86% than those of Chungyang native. The high correlation cofficienct character with fruit yield were fruit setting and branching number and leaf area. Direct effect by path anaslysis were fruit setting number (Py=0.45), and branching number was showed indirect effect.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.523-530
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• 2011

This study was carried out to understand the characteristic relations fruit changes caused by adjusting the amount of the fruit load in 'Niitaka' and 'Whangkeumbae'. The average fruit weight of 'Niitaka' was 672.0 g and the amount of fruit in the range of 601-750 g was the highest, accounting for 33.8% of the production and as for 'Whangkeumbae', the average fruit weight was 477.5 g and fruit in the range of 401-600 g accounted for 72.5% of total production. The weight of the 'Niitaka' was evenly distributed in each range from below 300 g to over 1 kg and the percent of the regular shaped fruit in 'Whangkeumbae' was high as the distribution range of the fruit weight was narrow. The brix degree and the soluble solid content (SSC)/acidity ratio of 'Niitaka' had a significantly positive correlation with the fruit weight, the length, and the diameter of the fruit. The brix degree also had a positive correlation with weight and diameter of the fruit for 'Whangkeumbae'. As for the difference in fruit quality according to fruit weight for each variety, the brix degree was low in 'Niitaka' that were below 451 g and the fruit firmness was low in fruits weighing under 400 g. There was no difference according to fruit weight in 'Whangkeumbae'. The fruit size was impacted by the fleshy part and the ratio of fleshy part was higher as the fruit size became larger. The weight of the fruit, brix degree, and the SSC/acidity ratio were low while the firmness was high in light thinning treatment for 'Niitaka' and in the case of 'Whangkeumbae', the fruit weight and brix degree were both low in light thinning treatment. The brix degree was higher in bigger sized fruit in all thinning intensity for 'Niitaka', the case in light thinning treatment especially where the quality was poor due to low brix degree in fruits that weighed less than 450 g, on the other hand, there was no difference in the quality due to the fruit weight among the thinning intensity for 'Whangkeumbae'. Therefore, it is possible to produce smaller sized fruits in 'Niitaka' by controlling the thinning intensity, as it is inevitable to result in lower quality fruits, however, it is projected that we can produce small to mid-sized fruits in 'Whangkeumbae' by controlling the thinning intensity without causing the decline in fruit quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted to determine if seed size and seed coat color of soybean might be effective in water uptake and cotyledon damage after imbibition, and hypocotyl elongation. Eight soybean cultivars were separated into two classes of large and small seed based on seed weight, and each class included two cultivars with yellow and black seed color, respectively. Small seed size group was superior in water uptake by seed for 24 hour in imbibition at $25^{\circ}C$ , but its differences decreased as soaking time increased. Small seed cultivars germinated faster and had better germination rate than large ones. However, cultivars with black seed coat showed more slow water uptake at initial time and faster germination than yellow seed, but in 24 hour after imbibition, cultivars with black seed coat had higher water uptake rate than yellow seeds. Small seed cultivar group showed no cotyledon damage in imbibition for 24 hour while large seed cultivars were damaged 78% of cotyledon, and black seed showed low cotyledon damage compared to yellow seed. Hypocotyl length was shorter in large seed rather than in small seed, but hypocotyl thickness in large seed was more thick than in small seed. In correlation coefficients, seed coat rate, embryo rate exhibited significantly negative association with seed weight, and the correlation of seed weight with water uptake in 3 hour after soaking was significantly negative, but in 24 hour showed positive correlation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft and hard tissue changes after simultaneous maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients(13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. These patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical treatment which consisted of simultaneous Le Fort I or Le Fort II osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/$PC^+$ program. The results were as follows. 1. The correlation of maxillary hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ratios for soft tissue to A point were $71\%$ at Sn, $67\%$ at SLS and $37\%$ at LS. 2. The correlation of mandibular hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were very high and the ratios were $84\%$ at LI, $107\%$ at ILS, $96\%$ at Pog' and $97\%$ at Gn'. 3. The correlation of mandibular hard tissue horizontal changes and soft tissue vertical changes were moderate. 4. The upper to lower lip length were increased(P<0.001). 5. The soft tissue thickness were decreased in upper lip and increased in lower lip(P<0.001). The postsurgical changes were reversely correlated with initial thickness in upper lip.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.4 s.99
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• pp.293-305
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• 2003

The pharynx have significant locations and functions because it forms a part of the unit in which respiration and deglutition are carried out. Because of the closed relationship between the pharynx and the dentofacial and craniofacial structure, many studies are carried out on this subjects. The purpose of this study were to compare the airway size including pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone between normal and hyperdivergent skeletal pattern and to evaluate the change of those size in different age. The sample of this study were consisted of 51 subjects in normal group, 52 subjects in hyperdivergent group. Each was divided into two subgroups by age , child group(9-l2yr old) and adult group(18yr old over). The lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and the distance, angle and ratio of the facial skeleton, pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone were measured and evaluated statistically. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1 SN-Mn angle, FMA, and Pal-Mn angle were significantly larger in child group than adult group, but the lower anterior facial height(LAFH) and facial height ratio(FHR) were significantly smaller in child group than adult group. Occlu-Mn angle was significantly steep in hyperdivergent group than normal, but not significantly different between child group and adult group. 2. Hyperdivergent group and child group had the stronger correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle, LAFH and FHR and airway size than normal group and adult group. Hyperdivevgent child group had significant negative correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle and sagittal skeletal dimension of nasopharynx and sagittal depth of nasopharyngeal lumen. Significant positive correlation were seen between LAFH and vertical measurement of airway. 3. There was no difference of the linear measurement of airway size between hyperdivergent group and normal group. 4. Adult group had smaller posterior pharyngeal wall, target nasopharyngeal depth longer nasopharyngeal height and longer pharyngeal length than child group. 5. The sagittal measurement of hyoid bone had no difference between child group and adult group. But adult group had larger vertical measurement of hyoid bone than child group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 1984

Present study was carried out to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters influencing body weight (BW) at 4 weeks of age egg breadth (EB), egg length(EL), egg shape index (SI) and egg weight (EW) at 32 weeks of age and egg numbers (EN) up to 38 weeks of age in broiler male and female lines. The data were collected from closed White Plymouth Rock (female line; G) and Cornish (male line; C) flocks involving 1193 pullets from 211 dams and 48 sires in 1982. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1. General performance for various trails of lines C and G. The means and standard deviations of BW, EB, EL, SI, EW and EN were 668.34${\pm}$47.18, 4.23${\pm}$0,11, 5.49 ${\pm}$0.19, 77.06${\pm}$2.98, 55.73${\pm}$3.54 and 59.72${\pm}$13.39 in line C, respectively and 487.89${\pm}$ 41.43, 4.22${\pm}$0.11, 5.51${\pm}$0.19, 76.72${\pm}$3.20, 55.43${\pm}$3.26 and 76.93${\pm}$12.17 in line G, respectively. 2. Heritability Heritabilities were estimated from sire, dam and combined components. Estimates for BW, EB, EL, SI, EW and EN from combined components were 0.30, 0.29, 0,40, 0.22, 0.45 and 0.60 in line C, respectively and 0.33, 0.23, 0.28, 0.13, 0.49 and. 0.33 in line G, respectively. 3. Correlation Genetic and phenotypic correlations showed similar trend in line C and G. Genetic correlations, estimated EW with EB and EL, were high and positive (line C; 0.99, 0.75, respectively and line G; 0.94, 0.82, respectively), also correlation of EB with EL was 0.58 (both lines; 0.58). High and negative genetic correlations were shown between SI and EL in line C and G (-0.70, -0.65, respectively). Genetic correlations between SI and EW were relatively low and negative in line C and G (-0.11, -0.19, respectively) and between SI and EN were relatively low and positive in line C and G (0.25, 0.17, respectively). Between other traits, low genetic correlations were shown in both lines, High and positive correlation was estimated between hatchability and egg shape index and polynomial regression of egg shape index on hatchability was estimated; Y=-216.77＋7.6216X-0.0146939X$^2$.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2016

The characteristics of the rock cleavage inherent in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The phases of distribution of microcrack spacings were derived from the enlarged photomicrographs(${\times}6.7$) of the thin section. The evaluation for the six directions of rock cleavages was performed using nine parameters such as (1) frequency of microcrack spacing(N), (2) frequency ratio(${\leq}1mm$ and 4 mm >) to total spacing frequency(N:191), (3) spacing ratio(${\leq}1mm$) to total spacing(118.49 mm), (4) mean spacing($S_{mean}$), (5) difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) between mean spacing and median spacing($S_{median}$), (6) density of spacing, (7) median spacing, (8) reduction ratio of spacing frequency to length frequency and (9) magnitude of exponent(${\lambda}$ and b) related to the distribution type of diagram. Especially the close dependence between the above spacing parameters and the parameters from the spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams was derived. The results of correlation analysis between the values of parameters for three rock cleavages and those for three planes are as follows. The values of (I) parameters(1, 2 and 3), (II) parameters(4, 5 and 6), (III) parameter(7), (IV) parameter(8) and (V) parameter(9) show the various orders of H(hardway, H1+H2) < G(grain, G1+G2) < R(rift, R1+R2), R < G < H, R < H < G, G < H < R and H < G < R, respectively. On the contrary, the values of the above four groups(I~IV) of parameters for three planes show reverse orders. This type of correlation analysis is useful for discriminating three quarrying planes. Six spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams were arranged in increasing order on the value of main parameter($S_{mean}-S_{median}$). These diagrams show an order of R2 < R1 < G2 < G1 < H2 < H1 from the related chart. In other words, the above six diagrams can be summarized in order of rift(R1+R2) < grain(G1+G2) < hardway(H1+H2). These results indicate a relative magnitude of rock cleavage related to microcrack spacing. Especially, the above main parameter could provide advanced information for prediction the order of arrangement among the diagrams.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2009

Bone density in the recipient implant site seems to be an important factor for long term success of endosseous implants. Preoperative evaluation of bone density is very helpful to assist the clinician with the treatment planning of implant therapy. Accurate information on bone density will help the surgeon identify suitable implant sites, thereby improving the success rate of the procedure. Purpose; The aim of this study was to evaluate a correlation between bone density measured preoperatively with computerized tomography and histologically measured bone density by bone biopsy. Patients and methods; Twenty seven patients were selected. All the patients were in good health, with no systemic disorder and additional bone graft. Preoperatively the patients underwent CT scanning to evaluate Houmsfield Unit(HU). Each patients wore a surgical template for implant placement. During surgery 2mm in diameter and 6mm in length specimens were taken. Histomorphometric analysis was performed using digitalized image analysis software Axiovision 4.3. Also, the Resonance frequency analysis(RFA) and insertion torque values were recorded. Results; The highest histomorphometric values was found in the posterior mandible $32.3{\pm}3.8$, followed by $29.9{\pm}2.6$ for the posterior maxilla, $29.4{\pm}2.6$ for the anterior maxilla, $28.6{\pm}2.3$ for the anterior mandible(p=0.214). The hounsfield unit was $989.2{\pm}258.1$ in the posterior mandible, $845.0{\pm}241.5$ in the anterior maxilla, $744.5{\pm}92.6$ in the anterior mandible, $697.3{\pm}136.9$ in the posterior maxilla(p=0.045). This results may suggest that there are strong correlation between the histomorphometric values and hounsfield unit(r=0.760, p<0.05). The RF measurements were $81.9{\pm}2.4$ ISQ in the posterior mandible, $79.0{\pm}1.4$ ISQ in the anterior mandible, $78.3{\pm}4.6$ ISQ in the posterior maxilla, $76.5{\pm}5.0$ ISQ in the anterior maxilla(p=0.048). The insertion torque values was $43.2{\pm}4.2\;Ncm$ in the posterior mandible, $42.0{\pm}0.0\;Ncm$ in the anterior mandible, $41.3{\pm}4.1\;Ncm$ in the posterior maxilla, $40.8{\pm}3.8\;Ncm$ in the anterior maxilla(p=0.612). This results may suggest that there are statistical significance between the hounsfield unit and the insertion torque values(r=0.494, p<0.05), the histomorphometric values and the insertion torque values(r=0.689, p<0.05). But there was no correlation between histomorphometric values and ISQ. There was no statistical significance in age and gender effect on parameters. Conclusions; There was significant correlations between bone density and implant stability parameters. The bone density measurements using preoperative CT may help clinicians to predict primary stability before implant insertion, which is associated with implant survival rates.