• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.163-171
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• 2011

The effects of a high-fat diet and fasting on resting energy expenditure and energy substrate utilization were examined using the method of measuring whole body energy metabolism and oxygen uptake. Eight 4-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the high-fat diet experiment. Energy metabolism was measured using acrylic metabolic chambers over 24 hours. After 1-week of preliminary feeding, 4 rats were fed a chow diet, whereas the remaining 4 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HF) ad libitum, which contained 40% (w/w, calorie base 60%) more fat than that in the chow diet. The flow rate to measure energy metabolism inside the chamber was controlled at a mean of 3.5 L/min, and five chambers were subjected to measurement. One of the five chambers was used to correct errors by measuring the atmosphere. As a result of 5 weeks of control diet and high-fat diet feeding, body weight of the high-fat diet group tended to increase more than that in the control diet fed group, but the difference was not significant. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production changed as time went on over the 24 hr. The respiratory exchange ratio also changed during the 24 hr, and the difference between the groups was significant. The control group showed significantly more carbohydrate oxidation than that of the high-fat diet fed group. A fasting experiment was conducted using six 7-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats. Energy metabolism measurements were performed using the same method as that used in the high-fat diet experiment; resting metabolism was measured prior to fasting, and a fasting condition began from 9:00 am the next day for 3 days to calculate energy metabolism. Both body weight and 24-hour oxygen uptake decreased significantly as a result of 3-day fasting. Total oxygen uptake in the first day decreased, and declined significantly on day 3 of fasting. Total 24-hour carbon dioxide production decreased significantly over the 3 days. The mean 24-hour respiratory exchange ratio decreased significantly. Additionally, energy expenditure during the dark period (20:00-08:00), which is the active period for rats, decreased significantly with fasting, whereas energy expenditure during the light period (08:00-20:00) did not increase by fasting.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.129-136
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• 2023

The government of the Republic of Korea is conducting quality management of public open data by conducting a public data quality management level evaluation. Public open data is provided in various open formats such as XML, JSON, and CSV, with CSV format accounting for the majority. When diagnosing the quality of public open data in CSV format, the quality diagnosis manager determines and diagnoses the domain for each field based on the field name and data within the field of the public open data file. However, it takes a lot of time because quality diagnosis is performed on large amounts of open data files. Additionally, in the case of fields whose meaning is difficult to understand, the accuracy of quality diagnosis is affected by the quality diagnosis person's ability to understand the data. This paper proposes a domain discrimination model for public open data in CSV format using field names and data distribution statistics to ensure consistency and accuracy so that quality diagnosis results are not influenced by the capabilities of the quality diagnosis person in charge, and to support shortening of diagnosis time. As a result of applying the model in this paper, the correct answer rate was about 77%, which is 2.8% higher than the file format open data diagnostic tool provided by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. Through this, we expect to be able to improve accuracy when applying the proposed model to diagnosing and evaluating the quality management level of public data.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.432-438
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• 2011

The purpose of the present thesis is to develop bankruptcy prediction models capable of being applied to the Korean construction industry and to deduce an optimal model through comparative evaluation of final developed models. A study population was selected as general contractors in the Korean construction industry. In order to ease the sample securing and reliability of data, it was limited to general contractors receiving external audit from the government. The study samples are divided into a bankrupt company group and a non-bankrupt company group. The bankruptcy, insolvency, declaration of insolvency, workout and corporate reorganization were used as selection criteria of a bankrupt company. A company that is not included in the selection criteria of the bankrupt company group was selected as a non-bankrupt company. Accordingly, the study sample is composed of a total of 112 samples and is composed of 48 bankrupt companies and 64 non-bankrupt companies. A financial ratio was used as early predictors for development of an estimation model. A total of 90 financial ratios were used and were divided into growth, profitability, productivity and added value. The MDA (Multivariate Discriminant Analysis) model and BLRA (Binary Logistic Regression Analysis) model were used for development of bankruptcy prediction models. The MDA model is an analysis method often used in the past bankruptcy prediction literature, and the BLRA is an analysis method capable of avoiding equal variance assumption. The stepwise (MDA) and forward stepwise method (BLRA) were used for selection of predictor variables in case of model construction. Twenty two variables were finally used in MDA and BLRA models according to timing of bankruptcy. The ROC-Curve Analysis and Classification Analysis were used for analysis of prediction performance of estimation models. The correct classification rate of an individual bankruptcy prediction model is as follows: 1) one year ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 83.04%, BLRA: 93.75%); 2) two years ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 77.68%, BLRA: 78.57%); 3) 3 years ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 84.82%, BLRA: 91.96%). The AUC (Area Under Curve) of an individual bankruptcy prediction model is as follows. : 1) one year ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 0.933, BLRA: 0.978); 2) two years ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 0.852, BLRA: 0.875); 3) 3 years ago before the event of bankruptcy (MDA: 0.938, BLRA: 0.975). As a result of the present research, accuracy of the BLRA model is higher than the MDA model and its prediction performance is improved.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

The southwestern part of the East Sea is known to have a high primary productivity compared to those in the northern and eastern parts, which is attributed to nutrients supplies either by Tsushima Warm Current or by coastal upwelling. However, research on the biological pump in this area is limited. We developed machine learning models to estimate net community production (NCP), a measure of biological pump, with high spatial and time scales of 4 km and 8 days, respectively. The models were fed with the input parameters of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, mixed layer depths, and photosynthetically active radiation and trained with observed NCP derived from high resolution measurements of surface O₂/Ar. The root mean square error between the predicted values by the best performing machine model and the observed NCP was 6 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1, corresponding to 15% of the average of observed NCP. The NCP in the central part of the Ulleung Basin was highest in March at 49 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1 and lowest in June and July at 18 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1. These seasonal variations were similar to the vertical nitrate flux based on the ³He gas exchange rate and to the particulate organic carbon flux estimated by the ²³⁴Th disequilibrium method. To expand this method, which produces NCP estimate for spring and summer, to autumn and winter, it is necessary to devise a way to correct bias in NCP by the entrainment of subsurface waters during the seasons.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to evaluate ChatGPT's performance accuracy in responding to questions from the national dental hygienist examination. Moreover, through an analysis of ChatGPT's incorrect responses, this research intended to pinpoint the predominant types of errors. Methods: To evaluate ChatGPT-3.5's performance according to the type of national examination questions, the researchers classified 200 questions of the 49th National Dental Hygienist Examination into recall, interpretation, and solving type questions. The researchers strategically modified the questions to counteract potential misunderstandings from implied meanings or technical terminology in Korea. To assess ChatGPT-3.5's problem-solving capabilities in applying previously acquired knowledge, the questions were first converted to subjective type. If ChatGPT-3.5 generated an incorrect response, an original multiple-choice framework was provided again. Two hundred questions were input into ChatGPT-3.5 and the generated responses were analyzed. After using ChatGPT, the accuracy of each response was evaluated by researchers according to the types of questions, and the types of incorrect responses were categorized (logical, information, and statistical errors). Finally, hallucination was evaluated when ChatGPT provided misleading information by answering something that was not true as if it were true. Results: ChatGPT's responses to the national examination were 45.5% accurate. Accuracy by question type was 60.3% for recall and 13.0% for problem-solving type questions. The accuracy rate for the subjective solving questions was 13.0%, while the accuracy for the objective questions increased to 43.5%. The most common types of incorrect responses were logical errors 65.1% of all. Of the total 102 incorrectly answered questions, 100 were categorized as hallucinations. Conclusion: ChatGPT-3.5 was found to be limited in its ability to provide evidence-based correct responses to the Korean national dental hygiene examination. Therefore, dental hygienists in the education or clinical fields should be careful to use artificial intelligence-generated materials with a critical view.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2024

Despite the rapid advancement in image recognition technology, achieving perfect digitization of tabular documents and handwritten documents still challenges. The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of digitizing the logbook by correcting errors by utilizing associated rules considered during logbook entries. Through this, it is expected to enhance the accuracy and reliability of data extracted from logbook through OCR programs. This model is to improve the accuracy of digitizing the logbook of the training ship "Saenuri" at the Mokpo Maritime University by correcting errors identified after Optical Character Recognition (OCR) program recognition. The model identified and corrected errors by utilizing associated rules considered during logbook entries. To evaluate the effect of model, the data before and after correction were divided by features, and comparisons were made between the same sailing number and the same feature. Using this model, approximately 10.6% of errors out of the total estimated error rate of about 11.8% were identified, and 56 out of 123 errors were corrected. A limitation of this study is that it only focuses on information from Dist.Run to Stand Course sections of the logbook, which contain navigational information. Future research will aim to correct more information from the logbook, including weather information, to overcome this limitation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-48
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.613-628
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to compare the differences of the career development and the occupational view between giftedness in computer science and normal students in elementary school, so the results of this study provide assistance to the teacher for the direction and guidance on the career education of the giftedness in computer science in elementary school. This survey is based on 82 giftedness in computer science and 167 normal elementary school students. The questionnaires used in the study contain questions asking regarding the career development and the occupational view. The results of this study were as follows : First, according to the consciousness analysis result about career, the giftedness in computer science choose to be scientific technicians, the normal students choose to be artists. The both groups get career information from their parents, but they usually don't get career counseling from teachers. The education of giftedness in computer science does not contribute to changing their dreams, while normal students have no interest in computer science. Second, according to the career development analysis result, in comparison with non-gifted students, the gifted in information science had more success in all domains of career development. Third, according to the occupational view analysis result, the information science gifted students had higher meaningful rate than the normal students. Intrinsic domain' had higher meaningful rate among the subordinate domains, there is no difference in 'extrinsic domain' and 'incidental domain' between the information science gifted students and the normal students. Fourth, according to the correlation analysis result of the career development and the occupational view, there is a positive correlation in all domains of them. The high they are in the career development, the more they have the certain occupational view. Likewise, if they have the certain occupational view, they will be more successful in career development. Based on the findings of this research, the directing and guidance on the career education of giftedness in computer science in elementary school is same as the followings. We should educate parents regarding information about career for students who are under the influence of parents greatly and indicate them to apply to their children appropriately. In addition, for making them to have the positive image of the computer science, teacher should provide more information about the area of information and form various curriculums to induce more interests about computer science. We need to strengthen the career education for guiding the gifted to assist them to establish their own goal and realize them how to study and choose their career in the future. In school education field, it must develop and manage the definite and empirical program, not the career development program which is focused on only entrance into advanced school, to boost self-realization ability and the suitable career education program based on the correct understanding on giftedness in computer science. For this, through steady trying and research, teachers should be eater to develop the career education for students. Also, we have to implement the internal stability career education program, so it will help students to be aware of their job and career; therefore, students will be able to plan and prepare for their career in this rapid changing world.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) study is a test that uses radioactive materials or tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) and a computer to see how well the kidneys are working. Asan Medical Center analyzed and compared data between kidney depth, acquired from kidney donors' CT image and acquired from Gates method's GFR value that are calculated by Tonnesen equation. This study was able to confirm that kidney depth measured from CT image was higher than the Gates Method's GFR value, which was calculated by Tonnessen equation; the direct relationship among pathologic results is confirmed. Particularly, kidney donor whose kidney was at the pelvic area had direct relationship with other clinical results. During the GFR test, it is necessary to confirm the location of kidney has no change with reference of CT image. If kidney depth is manually corrected using CT image when we measures GFR of deformed or horse-shoe kidney, it would be possible to acquire the compatible value which is equivalent to clinical result. There would be a possible issue of appropriateness that whether the applied GFR using CT image's kidney depth has clinical validity. In case of a pediatric patient, the GFR derived from Tonnesen was quiet underestimated while manual method and Gordon stay in normal range. Which results may be correct among them? There have been many reports about kidney depth, to be an accurate index of GFR in children. As one of the study performers, we should contemplate what the best option for pediatric patients would be.