• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.525-551
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• 2017

This Article discusses the current trend of European competition damage actions focused on the recent Damage Directive and its transposition by the United Kingdom and Germany. The relevant Directive was signed into law in November 2014, and it requires the EU Member States to adopt certain measures to support competition damage actions. The required measures and principles by the Directive include right to full compensation, rebuttable presumption of harm, extensive disclosure of evidence, use of pass-on for defense and indirect purchaser suits. Although many Member States did not meet the deadline to transpose the Directive, the end of 2016, it is reported that 23 Member States have now, as of September 2017, made enactments according to the Directive. When we look at the transposition done by the United Kingdom and Germany, the revisions on their competition laws closely follow the contents of the Directive. However, it will take quite a long time before the amended provisions apply to actual cases since most of the new provisions apply to the infringement that take place after the date of the amendment. A similar situation regarding application time may happen in some other Member States. Furthermore, even if the terms of the competition laws of the Member States become similar following the Directive, the interpretations of the laws may differ by the courts of different countries. EU also does not have a tool to coordinate the litigations that are brought in different Member States under the same facts. It is true that the EU made a big step to enhance competition damage actions by enacting Damage Directive. However, it needs to take more time and resources to have settled system of competition private litigation throughout the Member States. Korea has also experienced increase in competition damage actions during the last fifteen years, and there have been some revisions of the relevant fair trade law as well as development of relevant legal principles by court decisions. Although there are some suggestions that Korea should have more enactments similar to the EU Directive, its seems wiser for Korea to take time to observe how EU countries actually operate competition damage actions after they transposed the Directive. Then, it will be able to gain some wisdom to adopt competition action measures that are suitable for Korean legal system and culture.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1309-1320
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• 2023

The technological development and popularization of mobile devices have developed so that users can check their location anywhere and use the Internet. However, in the case of indoors, the Internet can be used smoothly, but the global positioning system (GPS) function is difficult to use. There is an increasing need to provide real-time location information in shaded areas where GPS is not received, such as department stores, museums, conference halls, schools, and tunnels, which are indoor public places. Accordingly, research on the recent indoor positioning technology based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) equipment is increasing to build a landmark database. Focusing on the accessibility of building a landmark database, this study attempted to develop a technique for estimating the user's location by using a single image taken of a landmark based on a mobile device and the landmark database information constructed in advance. First, a landmark database was constructed. In order to estimate the user's location only with the mobile image photographing the landmark, it is essential to detect the landmark from the mobile image, and to acquire the ground coordinates of the points with fixed characteristics from the detected landmark. In the second step, by applying the bag of words (BoW) image search technology, the landmark photographed by the mobile image among the landmark database was searched up to a similar 4th place. In the third step, one of the four candidate landmarks searched through the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature point extraction technique and Homography random sample consensus(RANSAC) was selected, and at this time, filtering was performed once more based on the number of matching points through threshold setting. In the fourth step, the landmark image was projected onto the mobile image through the Homography matrix between the corresponding landmark and the mobile image to detect the area of the landmark and the corner. Finally, the user's location was estimated through the location estimation technique. As a result of analyzing the performance of the technology, the landmark search performance was measured to be about 86%. As a result of comparing the location estimation result with the user's actual ground coordinate, it was confirmed that it had a horizontal location accuracy of about 0.56 m, and it was confirmed that the user's location could be estimated with a mobile image by constructing a landmark database without separate expensive equipment.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-30
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• 1978

Communication actions as a social band or Human community stick (fast) to human being ceaselessly w without stopping everywhere. All of comm. actions can be kept up and developed by the education of its own. Comm. actions have to include a character of social process, and so for it the social science should t to be some essential part of it. Therefore, Comm. education have to be schemed for achieving with a point of view of synthetical s science including technical and social factor. However, recentry Comm. education be suffered to lose of itowns essential attribute and individual i independence becausing to reduce social weight recklessly in their education It is a prindiple that Comm. science is an integrate science being composed of human, social and t technical subdepartments and so comm. education have to obey for Comm. constuctional theory, i international and social claim. Originally in Korea a educational idea and genealogy forming by the comm. scientific theory has I inherited on orthodoxy. But in 1961, communication college that is only the orthodox model of Comm. education, was f forced to close by some reckless policy and then the national administration for the Comm. education h have been weakened, and so recently it’s education became to degenerate as out of genealogy or n nonsystem alike some scattering Family. On the other side, today comm. science make to it’s modern scientific factor and to keep its l integrate level, therefore, all of educational provisions and administration for the telecomm. should t to be supplement to be fit for their plural chatacters. Comm. education have to occupy an individual educational system through the comm. theory, and t then it can be coexisted with neighbour scientific field equally and can include, connect coordinate o or effect its inference in each subfactor organically. Finally, educational system for telecommunication should to be requested as preeedence that i independent field including pluralism must be formed and sufficient autonomy be guarenteed, and s so Comm. education must be to restored its orthodox genealogy and be recovered individual system a and seIfrestraint field, and then it can be accomplished its own duty for nation and society.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1997

Purpose : This study is to report experience with Fractionated Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (FSRT) for locally recurrent nasopharynx cancer after curative conventional radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : Three Patients with locally recurrent and symptomatic nasopharynx cancer were given FSRT as reirradiation method between the Period of September of 1995 and August of 1996 For two Patients, application of FSRT is their third radiation therapy directed to the nasopharynx. Two patients were given low dose chemotherapy as radiation sensitizer concurrently with FSRT Authors used 3-dimensional coordinate system by individually made, relocatable Gill-Thomas-Cosman (GTC) stereotactic frame and multiple non-coplanar arc therapy dose Planning was done using Xknife-3. Total of 45 Gy/18 fractions or 50 Gy/20 fractions were given. Results : Authors observed satisfactory symptomatic improvement and remarkable objective tumor size decrease by follow-up MR images taken 1 month Post-FSRT in ali three patients, while no neurologic side effect attributable to reirradiation was noticed. Two died at 7 and 9 months with loco-regional and distant seeding outside FSRT field, while one patient is living for 4 month. Conclusion Authors experienced satisfactory therapeutic effectiveness and safety of FSRT as reirradiatlon method for locally recurrent nasopharynx cancer Development of more effective systemic chemotherapeutic regimen is desired for distant metastasis

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Retro recon in SRS planning using BranLAB when stereotactic location error occurs by metal artifact. Materials and Methods : By CT simulator, image were acquired from head phantom(CIRS, PTW, USA). To observe stereotactic location recognizing and beam hardening, CT image were approved by SRS planning system(BrainLAB, Feldkirchen, Germany). In addition, we compared acquisition image(1.25mm slice thickness) and Retro recon image(using for 2.5 mm, 5mm slice thickness). To evaluate these three images quality, the test were performed by AAPM phantom study. In patient, it was verified stereotactic location error. Results : All the location recognizing error did not occur in scanned image of phantom. AAPM phantom scan images all showed the same trend. Contrast resolution and Spatial resolution are under 6.4 mm, 1.0 mm. In case of noise and uniformity, under 11, 5 of HU were measured. In patient, the stereotactic location error was not occurred at reconstructive image. Conclusion : For BrainLAB planning, using Retro recon were corrected stereotactic error at beam hardening. Retro recon may be the preferred modality for radiation treatment planning and approving image quality.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2002

An Aquifer test was carried out on five boreholes to determine the hydrologic anisotropy and the major groundwater flow direction in the aquifer system of the study area. With an assumption of the aquifer's anisotropy and homogeneity, the major transmissivity(T(equation omitted)), the minor transmissivity( $T_{ηη}$ ), and primary tensor direction ($\theta$) for each borehole were determined from the test. Besides the boreholes BH-1, BH-4 and BH-5, the anisotropy transmissivity tensor values of BH-2 and BH-3 did not correspond with the assumption. Thereafter the values were plotted on the polar coordinate, and showed that the tensor values were out of the anisotropy ellipsoid due to the high heterogeneity of BH-2 and BH-3 comparing with the other boreholes. Therefore. the anisotropy of the aquifer was examined from BH-1, BH-4. and BH-5. In BH-1, T(equation omitted) is 171.9 $\m^2$/day. $T_{ηη}$ is $71.01\m^2$/day, and the principal tensor direction is Nl5.39$^{\circ}$E. In BH-4. T(equation omitted) is $268.2 \m^2$/day, $T_{ηη}$ / is $28.75\m^2$/day and the principal tensor direction is N7.55$^{\circ}$E. In BH-5, T(equation omitted) is $168.4\m^2$/day, $T_{ηη}$ is 66.80 $\m^2$/day, and the principal tensor direction is $N76.59^{\circ}$E. On the basis of teleview logging performed on each borehole. the principal fracture directions were revealed as $N0^{\circ}$~4$^{\circ}$E/$30^{\circ}$~$50^{\circ}$SE and $N30^{\circ}$~$80^{\circ}$W/$20^{\circ}$~$50^{\circ}$NE that are the most frequently occurred sets as well as that correspond well with the calculated transmissivity tensor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

This study deals with an analysis on the sinking resistance for the model purse seine, in the case of different netting material and sinkers. The experiment was carried out using rune simplified model seines of knotless nettings. Dimension of model seines 420cm for corkline and 85cm for seine depth, three groups of models rigged 25, 45 and 60g with the same weighted sinkers in water were used. These were named PP-25, PA-25, PES-25, PP-45, PA-45, PES-45, PP-60, PA-60 and PES-60 seine. The densitie($\rho$) of netting materials were 0.91g/cm$cm^3$, 1.14g/cm$cm^3$ and 1.38g/cm$m^3$. Experiments carried out in the observation channel in a flume tank under still water conditions. Sinking motion was recorded by the one set of TV-camera for VTR, and reading coordinate carried out by the video digitization system. Differential equations were derived from the conservation of momenta of the model purse seines and used to determine the sinking speeds of the depths of leadline and the other portions of the seines. An analysis carried out by simultaneous differential equations for numerical method by sub-routine Runge-Kutta-Gill The results obtained were as follows : 1. Average sinking speed of leadline for the model seines rigged 60g with the same weighted sinkers in water was fastest for 12.2cm/sec of PES seine, followed by 11.4cm/sec of PA and 10.7cm/sec of PP seines. 2. The coefficient of resistance for netting of seine was estimated to be $K_D=0.09(\frac{\rho}{\rho_w})^4$ 3. The coefficient of resistance for netting bundle of seine was estimated to be $C_R=0.91(\frac{\rho}{\rho_w})$ 4. In all seines, the calculated depths of leadline closely agreed with the measured ones, each 25g, 45g, 60g of weighted sinkers were put into formulas meas.=1.04cal., meas.=0.99cal. and meas.=0.98 cal.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 1999

A simple experimental method was used in an attempt to realize the elevation of the fishing ability of purse seine in the sea area of Cheju Island, the changes of seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. Experiments carried out on the six types simplified reduced model seines which were made of knotless nettings. The nettings were woven in different leg length 4.3, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6 and 7.7mm of polyester 28 tex two threads two-ply twine, and each of the seines were named I, II, III, IV, V and Ⅵ seine. Dimension of seine models were 450cm for corkline and 85cmfor seine depth, each seines rigged up 160g of float for a floatline and 50g (underwater weight) of lead for a leadline. These model purse seines were made of the scale of 1/200 of its full scale, a 120 ton in the near sea of Cheju Island. Designing and testing for the model purse seines were based on the Tauti's law. Experiments were measured in the observation channel of a flume tank at the static conditions set up shooting and pursing equipments. Motion of purse seine during purse line was recorded by the two sets video camera for VTR which were placed in top and front of the model seine. The reading coordinate of seine volume carried out by the video digitization system, disk data for the purseline tension. An analysis were performed on the changes seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The seine volume during pursing was largest for Ⅵ seine with smallest d/l followed by V, IV, III, II and I seines, and tension in the purseline was small. 2. Seine volume during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; CVt=l-EXP[｛2.79 (d/l）＋0.35｝t-33.37 (d/l) ＋ 0.57] Where CVt is volume ratio, d is twine diameter, l is leg length and t is pursing time (sec). 3. Tension in the purse line during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; T= 1- EXP ｛0.57t ＋ 13.36 (d/l)+2.97｝ Where T is tension (kg) in the purseline during pursing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2001

This study describes the analysis on the dynamic characteristics of model as a fundamental studies for the horn fish Hemiramphus sajor surface pair trawl gear. The model experiments were carried out in a flume tank by using model net for the horn fish surface par trawl gear. The model net was made to the scale of 1/40 by scaling down two surfce par trawl boats of 6.67 and 9.98 ton used for sea experiment in the coast of Jeju Island. Dimensions of the model net were 1.2m for stretch length of net, 1.3m for float line, 1.0m for sinker line, 2.5g for floats, and 0.86g for sinkers. Experiments were conducted in the observation channel of a flume tank with experimental equipments used to change the distance between paired boats and towing velocity. Motion of model net during towing was recorded by two sets of digital camera which were placed in the top and side of the model net. The leading coordinate of net height and net mouth width was captured by the photograph analysis system. Through the experiment, we obtained the following results: 1. The relationship between the net hight(Nh) and towing velocity(Vt) during towing was found to be Nh=(2.39Db-$^{0.62})Vt^{0.56}$ and the relationship between the net mouth width (Nw) and towing velocity during towing was Nw=(0.96Db^{0.62})Vt^{0.11}$, where Db is the distance between paired boats. 2. The relationship between the net tension(Nt) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Nt=106.94Vt+1.43 and the model net becomes parallel to the water surface at the towing velocity larger than 1.5 Knot. 3. The relationship between the net opening area(Na) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Na=(2.28Db0.37)Vt.-0.45, and the relationship between the filtering volume(Fv) and towing velocity during towing was Fv=(69.9Db$^{0.37})Vt^{0.55}$. The net opening area and filtering volume reach maximum value at the distance of 25m between paired boats.