• 열처리공학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.320-328
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• 2003

A specimen of Cu-35%Sn alloy has been subjected to the unidirectional heat treatment in an attempt to examine the evolution of microstructures under varying thermal conditions. The specimen was cast in the form of a cylinder 10 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, which was then installed in the temperature gradient field established inside a vertical tube furnace. The furnace temperature was adjusted to make the upper part at $750^{\circ}C$ and bottom end part at $300^{\circ}C$ of the specimen. The experiment was terminated by dropping it into water after the 30 minutes holding at given temperature. By the rapid cooling, the high temperature phases, ${\gamma}$ and ${\zeta}$, were retained at ambient temperature with some of ${\gamma}$ phase transformed to ${\varepsilon}$ phase, especially at the grain boundaries of ${\gamma}$ phase. The presence of ${\varepsilon}$ phase was found to determine the nature of phase transformations of the ${\zeta}$ phase undergoes upon cooling. In the close area of the ${\varepsilon}$ phase, ${\varepsilon}$ phase grew separately out of ${\zeta}$, and adds to the preexisting ${\varepsilon}$ whereas in areas away from ${\varepsilon}$, both ${\delta}$ and ${\varepsilon}$ grew simultaneously out of ${\zeta}$, and formed a lamella eutectoid structure. The transformation to ${\delta}$ was found to occur only in slow cooling. The hardness on each phase showed that the retained phases, ${\gamma}$ and ${\zeta}$, could be plastically deformed without brittle fracture while the phases, ${\varepsilon}$ and ${\delta}$, were too brittle to be deformed.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.346-354
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• 2000

Effect of Nb addition on the phase transformation behavior was studied through continuous cooling transformation tests after reheating(reheating CCT) and deforming(deforming CCT) the 0.07%C-1.3%Mn-0.015%Ti-(0~0.08)% Nb steels. Transformation temperatures for deforming CCT were lower than those for reheating CCT, and the critical cooling rate for bainite transformation during deforming CCT was lower than that during reheating CCT. These enhanced hardenability for deforming CCT was considered to come from the sufficient solid solution of Nb in austenite during high temperature reheating before deformation. With Nb addition, the phase transformation temperature decreased, the bainite formation was enhanced, and the hardness of steel increased. Furthermore, these phenomena were more remarkable for deforming CCT than for reheating CCT. From the results, Nb-Ti bearing low carbon steel was considered to be a very favorable alloy system with good strength/toughness balance by recrystallization control rolling process.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.647-653
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• 2013

TABS (Thermally Activated Building System) has recently applied by huge commercial buildings, airports, and convention centers in Europe. TABS provides night-time thermal storage by heating or cooling. The embedded water-based heating and cooling system uses the high thermal inertia of concrete in the building construction, in which a heating or cooling pipe is embedded. The aim of this study is to analyze the thermal storage and thermal output of TABS applied with PCM (Phase Change Material). To achieve this, prototypes of TABS and the thermal properties of various PCMs were investigated. By using the simulation program Physibel Voltra 6.0 W, the thermal storage and thermal output were evaluated according to a heating and cooling operation schedule.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2022

This paper presents a numerical investigation of two-phase natural circulation flows established when external reactor vessel cooling is applied to a severe accident of the APR1400 reactor for the in-vessel retention of the core melt. The coolability limit due to external reactor vessel cooling is associated with the natural circulation flow rate around the lower head of the reactor vessel. For an elaborate prediction of the natural circulation flow rate using a thermal-hydraulic system code, MARS-KS1.5, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is conducted to estimate the flow rate and pressure distribution of a liquid-state coolant at the brink of significant void generation. The CFD calculation results are used to determine the loss coefficient at major flow junctions, where substantial pressure losses are expected, in the nodalization scheme of the MARS-KS code such that the single-phase flow rate is the same as that predicted via CFD simulations. Subsequently, the MARS-KS analysis is performed for the two-phase natural circulation regime, and the transient behavior of the main thermal-hydraulic variables is investigated.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1051-1059
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• 2004

Two phase thermosyphone loop for electronics cooling are designed and manufactured to test its performance under the partial load and low environment temperature conditions. The thermosyphone device has six evaporators connected parallel for the purpose of cooling six power amplifier units (PAU) independently. The heater modules for simulating PAUs are adhered with thermal pad to the evaporator plates to reduce the contact resistance. There are unbalanced distributions of liquid refrigerant in the differently heated evaporators due to the vapor pressure difference. To reduce the vapor pressure differences caused by partial heating, two evaporators are connected each other using the copper tube. The pressure regulation tube successfully reduces these unbalances and it is good candidates for a field distributed systems. Under the low environment temperature operating condition, such as $-30^{\circ}C$, there may be unexpected subcooling in condenser. It leads the very low saturation pressure, and under this condition there exists explosive boiling in evaporator. The abrupt pressure rise due to the explosive boiling inhibits the supplement of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator for continuous cooling. Finally the cooling cycle will be broken. For the normal circulation of refrigerant there may be an optimum cooling air flow rate in condenser to adjust the given heat load.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2020

The performance and cost of electric vehicles (EVs) are much influenced by the performance and service life of the Li-ion battery system. In particular, the cell performance and reliability of Li-ion battery packs are highly dependent on their operating temperature. Therefore, a novel battery thermal management is crucial for Li-ion batteries owing to heat dissipation effects on their performance. Among various types of battery thermal management systems (BTMS'), the phase change material (PCM) based BTMS is considered to be a promising cooling system in terms of guaranteeing the performance and reliability of Li-ion batteries. This work is mainly concerned with the basic research on PCM based BTMS. In this paper, a basic experimental study on PCM based battery cooling system was performed. The main purpose of the present study is to present a comparison of two PCM-based cooling systems (n-Eicosane and n-Docosane) of the unit 18650 battery module. To this end, the simplified PCM-based Li-ion battery module with two 18650 batteries was designed and fabricated. The thermal behavior (such as temperature rise of the battery pack) with various discharge rates (c-rate) was mainly investigated and compared for two types of battery systems employing PCM-based cooling. It is considered that the results obtained from this study provide good fundamental data on screening the appropriate PCMs for future research on PCM based BTMS for EV applications.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.383-398
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• 2020

This paper investigates the progressive collapse behavior of 3D steel-framed gravity buildings under fires with a cooling phase. The effect of fire protections and bracing systems on whether, how, and when a gravity building collapses is studied. It is found that whether a building collapses or not depends on the duration of the heating phase, and it may withstand a "short-hot" fire, but collapses under a mild fire or a "long-cool" fire. The collapse time can be conservatively determined by the time when the temperature of steel columns reaches a critical temperature of 550 ℃. It is also found that the application of a higher level of fire protection may prevent the collapse of a building, but may also lead to its collapse in the cooling phase due to the delayed temperature increment in the heated members. The tensile membrane action in a heated slab can be resisted by a tensile ring around its perimeter or by tensile yielding lines extended to the edge of the frame. It is recommended for practical design that hat bracing systems should be arranged on the whole top floor, and a combination of perimeter and internal vertical bracing systems be used to mitigate the fire-induced collapse of gravity buildings. It is also suggested that beam-to-column connections should be designed to resist high tensile forces (up to yielding force) during the cooling phase of a fire.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2012

점화 시의 분사기의 냉각은 분사순간의 초저온액체상태의 산화제 분무의 증기압에 영향을 미치고, 이는 연소반응에 따른 연소실 압력상승 과도단계에서 분무의 상(phase) 천이 시점을 결정하는 인자 중 하나이다. 분무의 상변화는 액체로켓 연소기의 점화특성에 큰 영향을 미치며, 액체산소/메탄 추진제를 사용하는 연료과잉 폐쇄형사이클 액체로켓엔진의 주연소기용 분사기로 사용될 수 있는 액체-기체 동축형 스월분사기에 대하여 점화초기 분사기 냉각온도에 따른 점화시험을 수행하였다. 초기 냉각온도에 따라 점화 시 산화제 분무의 액상으로의 천이시기가 달라지며, 충분한 냉각을 통해 산화제 분무의 증기압을 낮춘 경우 산화제 분무의 상 천이 시기를 나타내는 화염 quenching 현상이 일찍 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2004

The inherent strain method is known to be very efficient in predicting the deformation of steel plate by line heating. However, in the actual line heating process in shipyard, the rapid quenching changes the phase of steel. In this study, In order to consider additional effects under phase transformation, inherent strain regions were assumed to expand. Also, when calculating inherent strain, material properties of steel in heating and cooling are applied differently considering phase transformation. In this process, a new method which can reflect thermal volume expansion of martensite is suggested.8y the suggested method, it was possible to predict the plate deformations by line heating more precisely.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2016

A numerical study is conducted on thermal performance of a large-area hot plate specially designed as a heating and cooling tool for thermal nanoimprint lithography process. The hot plate has a dimension of $240mm{\times}240mm{\times}20mm$, in which a series of cartridge heaters and cooling holes are installed. The material is stainless steel selected for enduring the high molding pressure. A numerical model based on the ANSYS Fluent is employed to predict the thermal behavior of the hot plate both in heating and cooling phases. The PID thermal control of the device is modeled by adding user defined functions. The results of numerical computation demonstrate that the use of cartridge heaters provides sufficient heat-up performance and the active liquid cooling in the cooling holes provides the required cool-down performance. However, a crucial technical issue is raised that the proposed design poses a large temperature non-uniformity in the steady heating phase and in the transient cooling phase. As a remedy, a new hot plate in which heat pipes are installed in the cooling holes is considered. The numerical results show that the installation of heat pipes could enhance the temperature uniformity both in the heating and cooling phases.