• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.628-638
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• 2010

This study examined the current status of caution labels on cooking utensils made from plastics or glass, toward suggesting improvements in labeling for consumer's safe use. Distributors were categorized into four types, plastic kitchen utensils were categorized into seven types according to usage, and glass kitchen utensils were categorized into two types. Generally, the percentage of cooking utensils made from plastics or glass that have caution labels were not high. For the types of labels on cooking utensils made from plastic and glass, stickers were the most frequently used, and of these, a high percentage scored "fair" in label perception. On the basis of these results, regulations are needed to strengthen caution labels for kitchen utensils.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2010

This study examined consumer perception and use on labeling of cooking utensils made of plastic and glass to get information about improving the labeling. The data were collected from 505 adults in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Incheon, and Gwangju. The data were analyzed by SPSS Windows V.14.0. Frequencies, t tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple range tests were carried out. Many respondents checked off 'precautions in use' more than any other notice when they purchased the cooking utensils made of plastic and glass. Respondents were dissatisfied with the letter size and intelligibility of foreign language on the labeling. Most respondents preferred 'tag' for most cooking utensils made of plastic and glass. In addition, on necessity of precautions for each category of plastic cooking utensils, frying pans, plastic baskets, plastic water buckets, plastic seasoning bottles, the frying pan showed the highest need for 'do not place close to the fire'. Plastic cups and plastic containers showed the highest in 'whether utensils could be used in the microwave oven and accompanying precautions', and plastic cutting board showed the highest in 'matters relating to washing before use.' In the case of cooking utensils made of glass, 'precaution on shock' was the highest for glass cups and mugs and 'whether utensils could be used in the microwave oven and accompanying precautions' was the highest for glass pans, dishes and containers.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 1994

The kitchen utensils, a part of dietary life, are tableware and everything needed for cooking, storing foods, arranging and housekeeping. This study has been made on the classification in comparison with utility regarding both the shape and the quality of material. The classifications by the quality of material were ceramicware, woodenware, metalware and stoneware. he classifications by the utility were utensils for cooking, utensils for storing and keeping, utensils for arranging, utensils for grinding and utensils for special use. At the stage of migrating and gathering provisions they needed only simple utensils, but by cultivating, fixing their residence and producing crops they prepared and developed all sorts of kitchen utensils to serve various purposes, social rank, poverty and wealth, season and ceremony.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2002

현재 우리 나라에서 조리용구로 많이 사용되고 있는 석재에는 휘석암과 각력암, 흑운모섬록암 등이 있으며, 이중 유색광물이 상대적으로 많은 휘석암과 흑운모섬록암은 비중이 3.0으로 각력암(2.5)보다 약간 더 무거운 특징을 보였고, 흡수율은 각력암이 2.9%로 가장 높았으며, pH는 모두 9.7-9.9의 범위로 약알칼리성을 나타내었다. 또한 조리용구용 석재중 흑운모섬록암이 각력암이나 휘석암보다 마모에 대한 내구성과 강도가 가장 우수하석 다른 특별한 요인이 없는 한 가장 오랫동안 사용할 수 있음을 나타내었다. 용출시험 결과, Cu, Pb, Co, Cr Ni 등의 유독성 중금속 원소들은 연구대상 암석에서 모두 반응시간 및 용액의 초기 pH에 관계없이 모두 측정 한계값인 0.1 ppm 이하로 낮았으나, 철(Fe)은 암석의 종류 및 용출 조건에 따라 다소간의 용출량 차이를 보였는데, 대체로 중성보다는 산성용액을 첨가하였을 경우에 약 1.8-31배 정도 더 높은 용출량을 나타내었고, 반응용액이 중성인 조건에서는 각력암에서, 산성인 경우에는 흑운모섬록암에서 가장 높은 철(Fe)의 용출량을 보여 주었다. 석재를 인체에 해가 없는 고기능성 조리용구로 이용하기 위해서는 인체에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 중금속 및 다량 무기질 원소들에 대한 용출함량 기준이 먼저 마련되어야 하며, 또한 보다 많은 종류의 조리용구용 석재와 화학원소들을 대상으로 좀 더 체계적인 무기화학적 특성에 하한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2002

본 조사는 경상북도 전지역에 거주하는 주부들을 대상으로 현재 보유하고 있는 전통적인 부엌 세간과 그 이용실태를 조사하였다. 조사항목은 식기류 16종, 나무로 만든 세간.도구 17종, 불에 쓰는 도구 15종, 토기.옹기류 14종, 돌로 만든 도구 6종, 조리용구 9종, 대 .싸리로 만든 도구 9종, 상 13종으로 분류하여 조사하였으며 각각에 대한 보유 현황 및 이용실 태는 다음과 같다. 대체로 많이 보유하고 있는 식기류는 접시, 대접, 쟁반의 순이었으며, 이용실태는 주발, 대접, 접시의 순으로 많았다. 나무로 만든 세간은 방망이, 찬장, 체, 되 말.홉의 순으로 많이 보유하고 있었으며 찬장, 탁자상, 되.말 홉의 순으로 이용율이 높았다. 불에 쓰는 도구는 주전자, 석쇠, 무쇠솥, 시루의 순으로 많이 보유하고 있었으며 이용율은 주전자, 무쇠 솥, 석쇠의 순으로 높았다. 토기.옹기류는 항아리, 독의 순으로 가장 많이 보유하고 있었고 이용률 역시 독과 항아리가 가장 높았다. 돌로 만든 도구는 맷돌과 절구를 가장 많이 보유하고 있는 반면 이용을 은 매우 낮았으며 조리용구는 칼과 도마의 보유율과 이용률이 높았다. 대.싸리.짚으로 만든 도구는 소쿠리, 채반, 바구니의 순으로 많이 보유하고 있었고 이용률은 소쿠리, 채반, 조리의 순으로 높았다. 상은 교자상, 선반, 책상반의 순으로 보유하고 있었으며 이용률은 원반, 교자상, 책상반의 순으로 높았다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing the HACCP system on foodservice establishments. At first, the hygienic conditions were measured by microbiological hazard analyses of the cooking utensils and working areas. In order to solve the detected problems, the HACCP system was implemented, after what was considered a sufficient settlement period following the initial assessment, then microbiological verification was performed again. In relation to the cooking utensils and equipment(kitchen knives, cutting boards, knives for shredding vegetables, refrigerators, baskets, barts, working tables, preparation tables, tungs, dish-clothes and drains) the microbiological inspection on the Total Plate Count, Coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, were conducted with regard to the working areas(working tables, preparation tables, seasoning's shelves, serving tables, drinking water tables, refrigerators, storage rooms and dining tables), the Total Plate Count and Fungi were also examined. According to the microbiological hazard analyses there were many problems, especially with cutting boards, baskets, barts, dish-clothes and sinkballs. However, by introducing the HACCP system, the microbiological hazard levels were able to be controlled and lowered, and the total aerial bacteria in the working areas of the foodservice establishments were detected at levels below 6 CFU/plate.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2004

Optimal analytical conditions have been established for mixing and reaction coil length, concentrations of ECR, CTAB, and acetate, reaction temperature and pH in the determination of aluminum by using flow injection analysis(FIA). Detection limit and repeatability for this system were $3{\mu}g/L$ and better than 1% of relative standard deviation, respectively. The interference from iron(III) was suppressed up to 6mg/L of iron(III) by $0.1{\mu}M$ ascorbic acid, and the interference from fluoride could be tolerated in absorption of Al/ECR/CTAB derivative by 10mM boric acid at pH 3.5 adjusted with nitric acid. This FIA system was applied to the determination of aluminum leached from cooking utensils by distilled and tap water containing fluoride ranged from 0.5 to 2mg/L by measurement of absorbance for Al/ECR/CTAB at 585nm. The leached aluminum content was increased with increasing concentration of fluoride. The aluminum contents leached from aluminum utensils by tap water were about 9 fold higher than those leached by distilled water, whereas aluminum contents leached by distilled water containing fluoride were about 2 fold higher compared to those leached by distilled water. That represented that other dissolved substances as well as fluoride in tap water contributed to liberation of aluminum from aluminum utensils. A comparison between FIA data and ICP-AES data by correlation and paired t test showed that the FIA system could be accepted as a good alternative method for the determination of aluminum in tap water.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.712-721
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of heating and after-heating processed foods for implementation of a HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment and temperature of foods during receiving, cooking, and serving in heating process. In non-heating process, in addition to monitoring microbial assessment of food during preparation, cooking, and serving steps, the microbial populations of employees' hands and utensils and serving temperature were also evaluated. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ to measure total plate count and coliforms for foods and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Microbiological quality assessment for foods and utensils is summarized as follows. Microbiological quality of the heating processed foods was satisfactory for cooking and serving steps. The internal temperature of food was above 74$^{\circ}C$. However, temperature control before the serving step was not achieved due to inappropriate time management between the cooking and serving steps. In the after-heating process, the total plate counts of boiled mungbean sprouts salad, blanched spinach salad, com vegetable salad were below the standard at the serving step. The majority of samples showed that coliforms exceeded the norm, which is thought to be the result of the cross-contamination from utensils. These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on the importance of hand washing and of avoiding cross-contamination by using clean, sanitized equipment to serve food in the after-heating process. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) is an essential part of any HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.722-731
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of non-heat-processed foods for implementation of a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment of foods, utensils, and employee's hands during preparation, cooking, and serving. The temperature of non-heated food being served was also measured. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3 M Petrifilm/syp TM/ to measure total plate count and coliforms for food and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Results showed low microbiological quality of non-heated foods. This was probably due to contaminated raw ingredients and cross-contamination that occurred during preparation and cooking (e.g., unsatisfactory washing and disinfection of raw materials and utensils). These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on good personal hygiene (hand washing) , prevention of cross-contamination through use of properly washed and sanitized utensils, and proper washing and disinfection of raw vegetables. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) are an essential part of any RACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.613-617
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• 1997

조리용기의 재질 종류와 조리식품의 종류 및 조리 시간에 따른 알루미늄의 용출 특성을 알아보고자 탈이온증류수, 된장, 고추장을 이용하여 옹기, 알루미늄, 법랑, 스테인레스-스틸제 용기 및 돌그릇에서 조리시간(0, 10, 20,30분)을 달리하여 각각 끓였을 때 용출된 알루미늄 함량을 조사하였다. 증류수는 각 용기에서 $0.53{\sim}2.76,\;1.17{\sim}4.20,\;0.77{\sim}3.23,\;0.53{\sim}2.03,\;0.83{\sim}2.70$ ppm의 범위였다. 된장을 각 용기에 담아 끓이지 않고 30분간 상온에서 정치한 경우 각각 4.66, 6.45, 5.53, 3.50, 5.00 ppm이며 끓였을 때는 $5.70{\sim}7.73,\;9.68{\sim}11.50,\;5.53{\sim}9.27,\;3.50{\sim}6.70,\;5.00{\sim}9.13$ ppm이 용출되었다. 고추장을 넣고 끓이지 않았을 때는 각 용기에서 5.18, 6.30, 4.73, 3.23, 4.50 ppm이며, 끓였을 경우에는 $6.37{\sim}9.70,\;8.57{\sim}11.23,\;5.63{\sim}8.63,\;4.43{\sim}6.50,\;4.50{\sim}9.25$ ppm 용출되었다. 따라서 끓이는 시간이 경과될수록 알루미늄의 용출량은 증가하였고, 특히 알루미늄 재질의 조리 용기에서는 다른 용기에 비해 용출량이 가장 많았다.