• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.425-430
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• 1999

Complex environmental control systems were developed, which control properly the pig's environment in windowless pig-housing based on the thermoregulatory behaviors of pigs and concentrations of noxious gases (CO2 and NH3). The this study was conducted to assess the performance of complex environmental control systems by raising weaned piglets and growing pigs under different seasonal conditions. Average daily gain of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was slightly higher than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Average daily gain was not significantly different in winter and spring(P＞0.05), but was significantly different in summer(P＜0.05). Feed conversion rate of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was smaller than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Feed conversion rate was not significantly different in environment for weaned piglets and growing pigs resulted in the improved daily gain, feed conversion rate, and carcass quality of the finishing pigs. These results showed that the performance of the complex environmental control systems in windowless pig-housing was excellent for weaned piglets and growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2004

본 연구는 우리 나라에 건축되어져 있는 개방육성비육돈사와 무창육성비육돈사의 환경효율을 검증하고자 하였다. 본 실험은 실험돈사에서 겨울철과 여름철로 나누어 실시한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 무창육성비육돈사는 외부의 기온 변화가 심하더라도 돈사내부의 온도는 외부기온의 영향을 받지 않고 여름철 24.8${\sim}$29.1$^{\circ}C$, 겨울철 17.9${\sim}$23.1$^{\circ}C$를 유지하였으나 개방육성비육돈사는 여름철 24.7${\sim}$32.3$^{\circ}C$, 겨울철 14.5${\sim}$18.2$^{\circ}C$를 유지하여 온도효율이 낮았다. 2) 암모니아 농도를 측정한 바 개방육성비육돈사는 여름철 9.31${\sim}$16.9 mg/$\ell$, 겨울철 5.1${\sim}$19.7 mg/$\ell$로 측정되었으며, 무창육성비육돈사는 공기입기 및 배기의 효율적인 구성으로 여름철 7.9${\sim}$16.1 mg/$\ell$, 겨울철 3.7${\sim}$9.6 mg/$\ell$를 유지하여 개방육성비육돈사 보다는 낮게 나타났다. 3) 무창육성비육돈사는 돼지생육 공간(하부)의 공기유속이 겨울철 최소환기(5%) 수준으로 하였을 때 0.0${\sim}$0.87 m/s 였으며, 여름철 최대환기(95%) 수준에서는 0.1${\sim}$2.73 m/s로 분포되어 여름철 및 겨울철의 무창육성비육돈사내 공기유속이 개방육성비육돈사보다 양호하였다. 4) 여름철 비육돈출하시(평균 110 kg 전후)의 체중은 개방육성비육돈사는 100.2인데 비하여 무창육성비육돈사에서의 체중은 107.3kg으로 약 7kg 정도의 차이로 빠른 증체를 가져왔는데, 이것은 외기의 영향을 영향을 크게 받지 않고 일정한 환경을 유지해 주어 스트레스를 줄여 주었기 때문으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2013

This study aimed to compare the dynamics of air temperature and velocity under two different ventilation and housing systems during summer and winter in Korea. The $NH_3$ concentration of both housing systems was also investigated in relation to the pig's growth. The ventilation systems used were; negative pressure type for the enclosed pig house (EPH) and natural airflow for the conventional pig house (CPH). Against a highly fluctuating outdoor temperature, the EPH was able to maintain a stable temperature at 24.8 to $29.1^{\circ}C$ during summer and 17.9 to $23.1^{\circ}C$ during winter whilst the CPH had a wider temperature variance during summer at 24.7 to $32.3^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature fluctuation of the CPH during winter was almost the same with that of EPH at 14.5 to $18.2^{\circ}C$. The NH3 levels in the CPH ranged from 9.31 to 16.9 mg/L during summer and 5.1 to 19.7 mg/L during winter whilst that of the EPH pig house was 7.9 to 16.1 mg/L and 3.7 to 9.6 mg/L during summer and winter, respectively. These values were less than the critical ammonia level for pigs with the EPH maintaining a lower level than the CPH in both winter and summer. The air velocity at pig nose level in the EPH during summer was 0.23 m/s, enough to provide comfort because of the unique design of the inlet feature. However, no air movement was observed in almost all the lower portions of the CPH during winter because of the absence of an inlet feature. There was a significant improvement in weight gain and feed intake of pigs reared in the EPH compared to the CPH (p<0.05). These findings proved that despite the difference in the housing systems, a stable indoor temperature was necessary to minimize the impact of an avoidable and highly fluctuating outdoor temperature. The EPH consistently maintained an effective indoor airspeed irrespective of season; however the CPH had defective and stagnant air at pig nose level during winter. Characteristics of airflow direction and pattern were consistent relative to housing system during both summer and winter but not of airspeed. The ideal air velocity measurement favored the EPH and therefore can be appropriate for the Korean environment. Further emphasis on its cost effectiveness will be the subject of future investigations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 1995

Data on available feed resources, feeding practices and nutrient adequacy of rations under small farm conditions in Sri Lanka were obtained in a baseline survey involving 104 pig farms. The results showed that a wide range of non-conventional feedstuffs are used for pig feeding under typical small farm conditions and that dietary protein quality is a major factor limiting productivity. Following the survey, two on-farm trials were conducted to evaluate cheaper, alternative feeding strategies. In trial 1, a test diet was formulated using several non-conventional feedstuffs and compared with a commercial feed that is normally fed in the farms. In trial 2, the possibility of improving growth rates by amino acid supplementation was evaluated. The results demonstrated that feed costs can be considerably lowered through these packages. Some problems inherent to on-farm livestock trials are highlighted.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.418-426
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• 2023

This study focused on nitrous oxide, a major greenhouse gas produced in agricultural settings through bacterial nitrogen oxidation in aerobic soil. Nitrogen fertilizer in farmland is identified as a primary source of nitrous oxide. The importance of reducing excess nitrogen in soil to mitigate nitrous oxide production is well-known. The study investigated the use of liquefied pig manure as an alternative to urea fertilizer in conventional agriculture. Results showed a more than two-fold reduction in nitrous oxide emissions in pepper cultivation areas with liquefied pig manure compared to that with urea fertilizer. The population of Nitrosospira, a nitrous oxide-producing bacterium, decreased by over 10% with liquefied pig manure. Additionally, nirK and nosZ, which are related to the denitrification process, significantly increased in the urea fertilizer group, whereas levels in the liquefied pig manure group resembled those with no nitrogen treatment. In conclusion, the experiment confirmed that liquefied pig manure can serve as an eco-friendly nitrogen fertilizer, significantly reducing nitrous oxide production, a major contributor to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.622-630
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• 2024

Objective: Pig breeders cannot obtain phenotypic information at the time of selection for sow lifetime productivity (SLP). They would benefit from obtaining genetic information of candidate sows. Genomic data interpreted using deep learning (DL) techniques could contribute to the genetic improvement of SLP to maximize farm profitability because DL models capture nonlinear genetic effects such as dominance and epistasis more efficiently than conventional genomic prediction methods based on linear models. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of DL for the genomic prediction of two SLP-related traits; lifetime number of litters (LNL) and lifetime pig production (LPP). Methods: Two bivariate DL models, convolutional neural network (CNN) and local convolutional neural network (LCNN), were compared with conventional bivariate linear models (i.e., genomic best linear unbiased prediction, Bayesian ridge regression, Bayes A, and Bayes B). Phenotype and pedigree data were collected from 40,011 sows that had husbandry records. Among these, 3,652 pigs were genotyped using the PorcineSNP60K BeadChip. Results: The best predictive correlation for LNL was obtained with CNN (0.28), followed by LCNN (0.26) and conventional linear models (approximately 0.21). For LPP, the best predictive correlation was also obtained with CNN (0.29), followed by LCNN (0.27) and conventional linear models (approximately 0.25). A similar trend was observed with the mean squared error of prediction for the SLP traits. Conclusion: This study provides an example of a CNN that can outperform against the linear model-based genomic prediction approaches when the nonlinear interaction components are important because LNL and LPP exhibited strong epistatic interaction components. Additionally, our results suggest that applying bivariate DL models could also contribute to the prediction accuracy by utilizing the genetic correlation between LNL and LPP.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2022

As pork consumption increases, rapid and accurate determination of porcine carcass grades at abattoirs has become important. Non-destructive, automated inspection methods have improved slaughter efficiency in abattoirs. Furthermore, the development of a calibration equation suitable for non-destructive inspection of domestic pig breeds may lead to rapid determination of pig carcass and more objective pork grading judgement. In order to increase the efficiency of pig slaughter, the correct estimation of the automated-method that can accommodate the existing pig carcass judgement should be made. In this study, the previously developed calibration equation was verified to confirm whether the estimated traits accord with the actual measured traits of pig carcass. A total of 1,069,019 pigs, to which the developed calibration equation, was applied were used in the study and the optimal estimated regression equation for actual measured two traits (backfat thickness and hot carcass weight) was proposed using the estimated traits. The accuracy of backfat thickness and hot carcass weight traits in the estimated regression models through stepwise regression analysis was 0.840 (R²) and 0.980 (R²), respectively. By comparing the actually measured traits with the estimated traits, we proposed optimal estimated regression equation for the two measured traits, which we expect will be a cornerstone for the Korean porcine carcass grading system.

• 한국생물물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물물리학회 1997년도 학술발표회
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• pp.17-17
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• 1997

We investigated the relationship between the voltage-operated calcium channel current and the corresponding [Ca$^{2＋}$]i change (Ca$^{2＋}$-transient) in guinea-pig gastric myocyte. Fluorescence microspectroscopy was combined with conventional whole-cell patch clamp technique and fura-2 (80 $\mu$M) was added into the CsCl-rich pipette solution.(omitted)

• 유기물자원화
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2013

부숙기간(부숙 0일, 15일, 30일, 50일, 80일)이 다른 돈분퇴비에 대한 줄지렁이의 섭식량, 생체량, 산란율 및 돈분퇴비로부터 생산된 분변토의 이화학적 성상을 조사하였다. 돈분퇴비에 대한 지렁이 섭식량은 부숙 기간이 길어질수록 증가하였으나, 지렁이 생체량은 30일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서 가장 높았으며, 80일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서는 생체량이 현저하게 감소하였다. 지렁이의 산란수는 부숙이 진행된 먹이일수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 80일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서 현저하게 낮았다. 부숙기간이 다른 돈분 퇴비로부터 생산된 분변토의 pH, 전기전도도, C/N율이 일반적인 퇴비화 공정보다 빠르게 감소되었으며, 생산된 분변토의 유기물 함량은 돈분퇴비의 부숙기간에 무관하게 35.9-39.8%으로 균질화되었다. 이상에서 지렁이의 처리효율, 생장률 등을 고려하였을 때, 돈분에 대한 지렁이처리를 위한 돈분퇴비의 부숙기간은 15-30일 정도가 적정한 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 일반적인 퇴비화와 지렁이 처리법의 혼합적용에 의해 돈분을 효과적으로 처리할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 양질의 분변토와 지렁이를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMX-SXT and AMX-DOX-SXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMX-GEN-SXT (6.36%) and AMX-DOX-GEN-SXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms. Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance.