• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.332-333
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• 2006

The driving forces and the probable processes of WC-Co grain growth are reanalysed from recent data of interface energy and microstructure. Grain growth is driven by the disappearing of the high energy WC/WC and WC/Co interfaces with habit planes different from {0001}, ${10\bar{1}0}$ and ${11\bar{2}0}$ facets and by the area decrease of the WC/WC and WC/Co interfaces with {0001} and ${10\bar{1}0}$ habit planes. Grain growth mainly results of dissolution-precipitation. Abnormal grains are likely formed by defects assisted nucleation.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2017

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein involved in angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Consequently, blocking of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2) by small molecule inhibitors leads to the inhibition of cancer induced angiogenesis. In this study, we performed a two dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (2D-QSAR) study of 38 N-Phenyl-N'-{4-(4-quinolyloxy) phenyl} urea derivatives as VEGFR-2 inhibitors based on hologram quantitative structure-activity (HQSAR). The model developed showed reasonable $q^2=0.521$ and $r^2=0.932$ values indicating good predictive ability and reliability. The atomic contribution map analysis of most active compound (compound 7) indicates that hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the side chain of ring A and oxygen atom in side chain of ring C contributes positively to the activity of the compounds. The HQSAR model developed and the atomic contribution map can serve as a guideline in designing new compounds for VEGFR-2 inhibition.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.273-289
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying causes of the development of private security in the United States. These include the increasing crime rates and fear of crime, the poor performance of public policing, the decentralization of political authority, the increase of mass private property, economic growth and increase of personal income, commodification of security, insurance companies' demand for tighter security and fear of litigation, and historical events such as World War I & II. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that no single factor would account for the growth of private security in the United States. In other words, the rapid growth of private security in the United States should be attributed to the interrelated influences of the factors given above. Finally, it might be the contribution of this study that the future development of private security in Korea would be guided by understanding the case of the United States because of the similarities of the developmental process in private security industry of two countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.191-215
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• 2009

This study extends the previous research into the effects of knowledge spillovers on innovation and regional exports growth by more clearly distinguishing, both theoretically and empirically, two different types of knowledge spillovers, namely product and market knowledge spillovers. More importantly, this research provides insights on their role of knowledge spillovers in shaping regional innovative activities and, eventually, regional export growths. Furthermore, this research makes an important contribution to the understudied market knowledge spillovers by developing two variables that could be used to assess the flow of market knowledge spillovers at the regional level: localization economies and export consulting advice. Using secondary data on eight 2-digit manufacturing industries in ten New Zealand regions over a seven year period, this research found that regional competition, localization economies and the availability of export consulting advice have positively and significantly impact on the regional export growth in New Zealand.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.3-24
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• 2009

This study extends the previous research into the effects of knowledge spillovers on innovation and regional exports growth by more clearly distinguishing, both theoretically and empirically, two different types of knowledge spillovers, namely product and market knowledge spillovers. More importantly, this research provides insights on their role of knowledge spillovers in shaping regional innovative activities and, eventually, regional export growths. Furthermore, this research makes an important contribution to the understudied market knowledge spillovers by developing two variables that could be used to assess the flow of market knowledge spillovers at the regional level: localization economies and export consulting advice. Using secondary data on eight 2-digit manufacturing industries in ten New Zealand regions over a seven year period, this research found that regional competition, localization economies and the availability of export consulting advice have positively and significantly impact on the regional export growth in New Zealand.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

Purpose - Multiple stakeholders-including politicians, investors, and the wider public-have questioned the value of investing in port infrastructure improvements and the contributions they can make to economic performance. Design/methodology - This paper presents an empirical study of 56 countries with seaports from the year 2006 to 2019 to determine how the quality of port infrastructure affects its contribution in terms of trade openness and economic growth. To this end, this study applies hierarchical multiple regression analysis with panel data to empirically examine the economic impact of port infrastructure quality on the relationship between trade openness and economic growth. After the 56 selected countries were categorized as developed or developing, a multi-group panel data analysis was conducted. Findings - The results of this study show that trade openness has a significant positive effect on the national economy. The findings also indicate that, although developing countries should expect greater economic growth after investing in port infrastructure, this relationship weakens as developing countries become richer. Originality/value - The findings of this study not only elucidate the relationship between trade openness and national economic growth, but they also emphasize the importance of trade openness and port infrastructure in national economic growth, particularly among developing countries.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 2022

Korea, a resource-scarce country, has been undergoing export-led economic growth in the form of processing and intermediary trade for the past several decades. In Korea, which has an export-led economic structure centered on processing trade, the export economy precedes the domestic economy, so Korea's monthly export performance has been used as an important indicator of economic indicators in itself. In recent decades, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which account for 99% of the total number of domestic enterprises, account for about 35% of exports as of 2021. In this study, from the viewpoint of emphasizing the export contribution of SMEs, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Export Business Index is developed based on the actual export performance of SMEs, through which this paper could present alternative index differentiated from the existing Business Survey Indexes.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2018

National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) has put a great effort on extending life expectancy, for last 40 years. The system has also made remarkable outcomes in achieving universal health coverage. However, it is facing challenges of low health insurance benefits and sustainability risk due to low birth rate and aging society at the same time. To overcome the difficulties and build a lifelong health security system for the nation, it is required for NHIS to make multilateral changes in its roles. Based on the quantitative growth achieved so far, NHIS needs to strive for the growth in quality by not only increasing coverage and reforming contribution imposition system, but also reorganizing the relevant systems such as lifelong health management support, rational adjustment to the medical fee, and benefit costs monitoring. In addition, it's important for NHIS to restructure the organizational culture by having specialty and communicating with people for high quality of administration and health insurance sustainability.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

In order to explore structural features of minoxidil analogs with a view of enhancing lysyl hydroxylase (LH) inhibitory activity, molecular holographic QSAR (HQSAR) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) were performed. The results from the atomic contributions with optimized the HQSAR 6-2 model indicated that, in case of pyrimidine-1-N-oxide substituent, C2 atom of pyrimidine ring and C'3-C'4 bond of 4-piperidinol group showed the highest impact on the inhibitory activity towards LH enzyme. It was also evident from the information of the optimized CoMSIA F5 model that the inhibitory activity mainly depended on the hydrophobic field contribution (36%) and the hydrogen bond (H-bond) field contribution (49.2%) of substrate molecule. Particularly, it is predicted that the functional groups which disfavor H-bond acceptors in large space around the piperidinol group and also the functional groups which favor the H-bond acceptors at C'4 (& C'5) atom in $R_5$ group play a role for increased inhibitory activity. With this in mind, it is likely that a novel candidate having more improved inhibitory activity on hair growth could be designed in the future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.10 s.253
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• pp.1219-1226
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• 2006

The ASTM test standard recommends the use of the compact tension specimen for creep crack growth rates measurement. In the creep crack growth rate test, the displacement rate due to creep is obtained by subtracting the contribution of elastic and plastic components from the total load line displacement rate based on displacement partitioning method fur determining $C^*-integral$, which involves Ramberg-Osgood (R-O) fitting procedures. This paper investigates the effect of the R-O fitting procedures on plastic displacement rate estimates in creep crack growth testing, via detailed two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analyses of the standard compact tension specimen. Four different R-O fitting procedures are considered; (i) fitting the entire true stress-strain data up to the ultimate tensile strength, (ii) fitting the true stress-strain data from 0.1% strain to 0.8 of the true ultimate strain, (iii) fitting the true stress-strain data only up to 5% strain, and (iv) fitting the engineering stress-strain data. It is found that the last two procedures provide reasonably accurate plastic displacement rates and thus should be recommended in creep crack growth testing. Moreover, several advantages of fitting the engineering stress-strain data over fitting the true stress-strain data only up to 5% strain are discussed.