• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.6_2
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• pp.3-22
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to study ways to improve the welfare of private security guards. For this reason, it was analyzed the actual situation of the private security guards' wage and welfare system. As a result of the analysis, the most important factors that affect the wages and welfare system of private security guards was such as contracting costs, the minimum wage level, professional duties. In particular, a private security guards have been recognized as the most low-level professionalism sorted by the simple laborers standard classification. Wages of guards in accordance with this recognition is only about 47% of major company on average, about 80% of the small business average. If the proposed future improvements include: First, we need to improve the professionalism of a private security. Second, It is established a mutual-aid project about private security guards. Third, It shall regulate the wage of private security guards on Private Security Industry Act. Fourth, we should adopt a selective welfare system.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-47
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• 2005

This study was purposed to find out the difference of the accounting of practical cost between the ABC system and the traditional costing system applied in a hospital, to verified general effect of ABC. Methods: This case study deals with the method of calculation, the cost information that is produced at K hospital in Busan. To examine ABC system and traditional costing system, applying them to the clinical pathology, radiology, physics in K hospital. Results: As a result of costing analysis, it is showed maximum difference of 50% between ABC and traditional cost. compared in revenue center, it occurs the difference of 15% of them. considering the result, it is confirmed that ABC could be used as a means to offer more precise information. therefore, ABC makes possible to produce precise costing information and grasp the driver of cost, and it is possible to reduce cost effectively. Conclusion: ABC provide six benefits: (1) more accurate of service delivered (2) inproved pricing and contracting strategies (3) improved management decision making capability (4) greater ease of determining relevant costs (5) reduced nonvalue added costs.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.640-648
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• 2022

In the United States, the Safety Rest Areas (SRAs) were introduced as highway roadside infrastructures in the early 1900s. The State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) operate/maintain their SRAs using different methods. The Washington DOT used the in-house workforce method for over 20 years, whereas some states moved to Performance-Based Contracting (PBC) from the in-house workforce to save cost primarily. Several existing studies claimed that using the PBC approach saved costs on several highway assets. Thus, the principal objective of this study is to compute and compare the unit operating/maintenance cost of SRAs using the in-house workforce method (in Washington state) with the PBC approach (in other states). The findings of this study show that the average annual cost using the PBC approach was much more than the average annual cost using the in-house workforce approach. The findings also show that in Washington state, the 'Labor Cost' category was a key expenditure, which is statistically higher than other categories. The 'Labor Cost' was followed by the 'Other Services', and then 'Materials and Supplies' and 'Equipment.' The study's findings indicated that outsourcing does not always save costs for agencies. The study findings may help transportation construction/maintenance professionals select a cost-effective approach for their future planning.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2004

By committing to a long-term replenishment contract, suppliers can mitigate the pressure to find new customers and afford to charge a discounted price to buyers seeking to lower their purchasing costs. In this paper, we develop an analytical model from buyer's perspective for the contracting process to investigate the buyer-supplier interactions. Based on the developed model, we propose an algorithm to derive optimal strategy for the contract. We consider a system with a single buyer and a supplier in a situation where the buyer's inventory is controlled by (R, S) policy under VMI setting. According to the contract, the supplier should replenish the buyer's inventory up to a fixed level every R times during a specified period. The buyer purchases any deficient amount from a spot market at a higher price. We show by computational experiment that our proposed algorithm finds the global optimum solution.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.37
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• pp.217-250
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• 2008

The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code which was developed as the main response of the shipping sector to the miserable event of 11 September 2001 came into effect on 1 July 2004. The ISPS Code designed to detect and eliminate security threats affecting ships and port facilities used in international trade will significantly impact not only on the management and operation of the shipping industry but also on maritime law despite the fact that it is the regulatory framework of public law. It is expected that implementing the ISPS Code will contribute to reinforcement of maritime security on the one hand. However, on the other hand, more intensified security inspection and control measures of port states will also cause delay and additional costs which cause uncertainty in allocating security risk and cost between the contracting parties. Therefore, it is desire to insert new security clause dealing with main security issues or adapt existing clauses to new shipping environments to minimize disputes.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.173-223
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• 2022

In oil and gas industry, FPSO concept is the most popular hull form and ship shaped hull form dominants the FPSO market. Only a non-ship-shaped hull in operations with minor market shares is the cylindrical FPSO hull with medium to small storage capability. To add contracting options and competitions to reduce field development costs, an innovative turretless low motion hull, eco-FPSO, with 1MM bbls oil storage capacity and suitable for installing topsides modulars and equipping with regular SCRs, was first introduced in Zou (2020a). Dynamic characteristic responses of the eco-FPSO compared to the traditional SS-FPSO hull and DD-Semi platform are presented and discussed in this paper, suitability and feasibility of the proposed hull have been demonstrated and validated through extensive analyses in 10-yrp, 100-yrp and 1,000-yrp hurricanes in ultra-deepwater central GoM.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to : a) investigate the current status of contracted hospital food services, b) analyze and clarify various perspectives of contractors and hospitals. Thirty six hospitals and their contractors which were having more than 100 beds located in Seoul, Inchon and Kyungkido, were the subjects of this study. Data were collected through surveys. The survey was conducted during March to April in 2002. Questionnaires were mailed to the 36 directors of dietetic departments of hospitals and 36 managers of contract foodservice management company. Statistical analysis was completed using SPSS Win(11.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test and $x^2$-test. The results of the study can be summarized ; 1. The type of contract considered adequate by directors of dietetic departments and managers of contractors was fee-contract, combined type, followed by profit-and-loss contract. 2. According to the results from analysis on the contract cost per meal considered adequate by directors of dietetic departments and managers, the directors of dietetic department indicated that showing no difference with the current contract cost per meal. However, the managers of contractor indicated that showing significant differences compared with the current contract cost per meal(regular diet p<0.01, therapeutic diet p<0.001). 3. In the composition of contract cost per meal considered adequate, the managers of contracting businesses accounted labor cost (p<0.01) as a major cost, whereas the chiefs of nutrition departments accounted miscellaneous or controllable expense (p<0.001) and VAT (p<0.01) as major costs. 4. The directors of dietetic departments and managers thought that the hospital should be responsible for utility costs. On the other hand, directors of dietetic departments regarded that the contractor and managers thought that the hospital should pay for facility investment cost.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.254-266
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• 2011

Wired and mobile Internet has led to increase in online broadcasting content market size. In particular, the fast-growing smart devices like smart phone and tablet PC in mobile Internet market has accelerated the growth of online broadcasting content service market. Meanwhile, the illegal distribution of online broadcasting content has been widespread in this market. There are also significant transaction costs, search costs, contracting and coordination costs in online broadcasting content market. MCP(Master content provider) which is a content distributor has been playing a critical role in preventing illegal content distribution, reducing costs and removing inefficiencies of online broadcasting content market. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the competency of MCP to streamline the online broadcasting contents market from the resource- based view. And this study conducted a case study to explain the status of online broadcasting content market and define what kinds of problems and issues are there in the market in a systematic way. The case study also showed how MCP competency plays an important role in reducing administrative and transaction costs and in solving illegal content distribution and other inefficiencies of the online broadcasting contents market.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2008

School facilities maintenance is concerned about providing clean and safe environments for children. It is also about creating a physical setting that is appropriate and adequate for learning. But many of the school buildings in Korea have been maintained and operated by each school manger or pubic officers in the Educational Department. This system could not extend the life of building components, keep equipment functioning as designed or sustain a sage and healthful environment because of its non-professionality and the dual fiscal system. In order to improve such problems, it is proposed to privatize the maintenance of school building. It is sure that the new way to outsource services reduce costs and provide high quality services. Competitive contracting with the private sector can provide schools with expertise, flexibility and cost efficiencies as well as help school administrators focusing on educating the children. This study explores the maintaining status of existing schools, analyses the cases about BTL schools and the foreign country's policies and surveys the outsourcing cases of Kyungki-do schools. Finally it proposes more appropriate plans for privatizing the maintenance way of school building in Korea.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

Construction bid documents contain various errors or discrepancies giving rise to uncertainties. The errors/discrepancies/ambiguities in the bid document, if not identified and clarified before the bid, may cause dispute and conflict between the contracting parties. Given the fact that bid document is a major resource in estimating construction costs, inaccurate information in bid document can result in over/under estimating. Thus, any questions from bidders related to the errors in the bid document should be clarified by employers before bid submission. This study aims to examine the pre-bid queries, i.e., pre-bid request for information (RFI), from state DoTs of the United States to investigate error types most frequently encountered in bid documents. For the study, around 200 pre-bids RFI were collected from state DoTs and were classified into several error types (e.g., coordination error, errors in drawings). The analysis of the data showed that errors in bill of quantities is the most frequent error in the bid documents followed by errors in drawing. The study findings addressed uncertainty types in construction bid documents that should be checked during a bid process, and, in a broader sense, it will contribute to advancing the construction management body of knowledge by clarifying and classifying bid risk factors at an early stage of construction projects.