• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 2019

In the past, there was a theory that influenza wasn't transmitted directly from birds but was infected to humans via swains. Recently, molecular level research has progressed, and it was confirmed that the avian influenza virus can directly infected to human lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Three pandemicsin the past 100 years were also infected to humans directly from birds. In view of such scientific background, we are developing a method for screening sick birds by monitoring the physiological characteristics of birds in a contactless manner with sensors. Here, the movement of respiratory muscles and abdominal muscles under autonomic innervation was monitored using a magnet and Hall sensor sewn on the thoracic wall, and other multimedia devices. This paper presents and discusses the results of experiments involving continuous periodic noise discovered during flight experiments with a data logger mounted on a Japanese pheasant from 2012 to 2015. A brief summary is given as the below: 1. Magnet and Hall sensor sewn to the left and right chest walls, bipolar electrocardiograms between the thoracic walls, posterior thoracic air sac pressure, angular velocity sensors sewn on the back and hips, and optical reflection of LEDs (blue and green) from the skin of the hips allow observation of periodic vibrations(fasciculations) in the waves. No such analysis has been reported before. 2. These fasciculations are presumed to be derived from muscle to maintain and control air sac pressure. 3. Since each muscle fiber is spatially Gaussian distributed from the sympathetic nerve, the envelope is assumed to plot a Gaussian curve. 4. Since avian trunk muscles contract periodically at all time, we assume that the sympathetic nerve dominates in their control. 5. The technique of sewing a magnet to the thoracic wall and measuring the strength of the magnetic field with a Hall sensor can be applied to screen for early stage of avian influenza, with a sensor attached to the chicken enclosure.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.244-256
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• 2008

The Construction Management contracting method and administration system had introduced to Korea 10 years ago. The actual CM consulting contract has adapted just for 5 years only. The CM administration system proves lots of innovative construction practices, upgrading construction industry from corporations to site operations. However, there are more tasks to the CM professionals to revitalize CM contracting methods and administration system. This research investigated what CM has achieved for the past 10 years and what CM should accomplish for the coming 10 years as future strategy and missions. Overseas CM practices are reviewed and domestic market, regulations, requirements are investigated through structured interviewed and in-depth survey to CM professionals. Many interesting issues were found through research process and those topics were categorized by industry, academy and government for defining current problems and future tasks. These issues for future strategy and mission needs to be utilized to develop future CM contracting methods and administration system. The system to follow up these meaningful results of CM is important for the future progress.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.242-250
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• 2010

EVMS(Earned Value Management System) is a project management method for analysis of current state of project and estimation of future state by the periodic tracking of schedule and value that activated by the project manager of government and contractor. Some countries, such as U.S.A and Austria, require the use of an EVMS for all major defense R&D project and many cases have proved that EVMS ensures that cost, schedule, and technical aspects of the contract are truly integrated and estimated, and actual progress of the project can be identified. However, the recent implementation of EVMS on Korean defense R&D project has shown number of challenges. In this paper, we defind the cancept of EVMS and analyzed EVMS implementation m order to conduct their problem.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

This study is to examine some legal problems of cyber trade transactions and to suggest some policy implications to vitalize cyber trade by internet accomplishes electronic business from all process integration of production, marketing and customer service. However, there are some legal problems for the electronic commerce to be used in international trade activities such as trade contract transport documents and payment systems by internet. First international trade rules have to be legislated so that electronic documents has same legal function like traditional documents. Also electronic signature must has authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation, writing and confidentiality. Second, traditionally international payment systems such as letters of credits, remittance, documentary collections and open account have been operated as an important and popular method of payment. In the modern world of electronic commerce, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. The payment methods such as Credit Card, Debit Card, Electronic Cash, Electronic Fund Transfers enable partly sellers, buyers and service providers to settle payment electronically through the internet. To settle the problems of payment systems, the security requirements for safe electronic Payments such as authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation have to be guaranteed. Also, electronic data interchange in transport documents has to be adopted and negotiability of electronic bills of lading has to be guaranteed. Electronic payment systems through SWIFT enable the sellers and the buyers to conduct and settle international business-to-business electronic commerce in case of solving the above problems and harmonizing the Bolero project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.76-80
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• 2000

Tongue-tip trill is a sound made by the tongue tip making contract with the alveolar ridge and oscillating rapidly as sound is produced. It is an exercise used by many singers to warm up the voice and used as one of the methods of voice rehabilitation for patients who have the vocal folds scarred postoperatively and also who present with a variety of disorders, particularly hypofunction and presbyphonia. We intended to investigate the mucosal vibration of the true vocal folds on tongue-tip trill by electroglottography and to find e effective methods of tongue-tip trill. One adult male volunteer participated. Spectrography and electroglottography were checked repeatedly 15 times, more than 5 second in each times, at same pitch, in three conditions of phonation : sustained /a/ vowel, anterior trill in which tongue-tip vibrated at anterior portion of alveolar ridge just behind the anterior tooth, and posterior trill in which at palatal crest behind the transverse palatine fold We measured the first and second formant to determine indirectly the position of tongue and calculated speed quotient and the ratio of closing phase to closed phase. Speed quotients of posterior trill were higher than sustained /a/ vowel and anterior trill in 14 times. The ratio of closing phase to dosed phase of posterior trill were lower than the others in 14 times. Mucosa of true vocal folds is vibrated more effectively on posterior trill rather than sustained /a/ vowel and anterior trill. So, when tongue-tip trill is used as a method of voice rehabilitation, we suggest that posterior trill is better in producing effective mucosal vibration

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1005-1014
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to obtain the basic data for an industrial oral health project enhancing the quality of life and oral health. Methods : Questionnaire consisted of 17 questions including 7 questions of general characteristics, 5 questions of oral health awareness, and 5 questions of the behavior of oral health. A self-reported questionnaire was carried out from September 1 to September 28, 2012, The subjects were 400 male and female sanitation workers in private corporations in Jeonju. A total of 354 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS windows ver. 12.0 (SPSS Inc. Korea). Results : The majority of the subjects were male in 50's. Temporary contract workers are older aged and 2 to 5 years of career workers were the majority of the cleaners. Average monthly income was less than 2 million Korean Won. Those who had a higher academic background and permanent position tended to have oral health knowledge (p<0.05). Female workers had healthier subjective oral health status than male workers. Those who were in older age, single, temporary position, and 2 to 5 years of career tended to have healthier subjective oral health status (p<0.05). Those who were in older age, married, and long period of employment were worrying about their health (p<0.05). The subjective oral health knowledge was high in 49.7% of the workers because they were not able to brush teeth during work hours. They were able to brush their teeth only after dinner. It was low in female and older aged workers (p<0.05). The brushing method included a combination of top to bottom and from the side to side. Conclusions : This study showed the influencing factor of oral health in street workers. Work environment, education, age, monthly income, and types of employment were the important factors to oral health care. It is necessary to provide the right oral health care program for the workers in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a muscle function path analysis of muscle function on myofascial meridians. Method: Seven male students (mean age: $22{\pm}3.46years$; mean mass: $72.71{\pm}8.19kg$; mean height: $174{\pm}4.39cm$) without a history of musculoskeletal system symptoms or injuries were recruited for this study. The measurement muscle of the myofascial line was selected along with the muscle presented in "anatomy trains (Thomas W. Myers. 2014)", and the attachment of the surface EMG (Telemyo 2400T G2, USA) pad was determined according to "EMG analysis (Kim Tae Wan et al., 2013)". The subjects underwent maximum volumetric contraction of their fascia line end muscles three times in lying and standing postures and were subjected to the maximum number of contractions of the myofascial line muscle three times in the lying and standing postures. The sampling rate of the EMG signal was set to 1,000 Hz, and the bandwidth was 20 to 350 Hz. The activity of each muscle was quantitated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. Results: In myofascial meridians, a positive correlation in the myofascial connection and a negative correlation in the mechanical connection were observed. Conclusion: Muscles that show significant contract correlations with one another may be expected to be used as an effective clinical marker in muscle strengthening or relaxation therapy, and rehabilitative training. In this study, the correlation of total myofascial meridians may differ without consideration of functional posture. Future studies need to consider these points.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-21
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• 2007

Arbitration is a private and contractual means of dispute resolution. As a creature of contract, any particular arbitration owes its existence-and attendant limitations-to an arbitral agreement. This means that, in practice, the parties select their own judges, forum, and rules. By agreeing to arbitration, parties hope to achieve several goals. And arbitration has proven to be quicker, cheaper, and more predictable than litigation as a means of resolving many types of claims. As a primary method of conflict resolution, it is now worthwhile to consider carefully any procedural mechanism designed to promote the central aims of this alternative to litigation. It is helpful to frame any particular analysis according to (1) the type of decision for which preclusive effect is sought (arbitral award or court judgment) and (2) the type of subsequent proceeding in which preclusion is sought (an arbitration or a litigation). Res judicata may well bar litigation of that claim between the parties, but non-parties (affiliates or individuals) will not benefit from this bar unless the arbitral tribunal makes findings sufficient to satisfy the elements of collateral estoppel. The final permutation to be considered involves an arbitral award's preclusive effect on a subsequent arbitration. Whether a prior court decision should preclude issues or claims in a subsequent arbitration presents the easiest case for analysis. It is the easiest primarily because there is generally little room to debate whether adequate procedures were followed in a litigation. That is, one can safely assume that the rules of evidence and the rules of civil procedure were followed and that formal records sufficiently memorialize both the proceeding itself and the ultimate decision. Procedural regularity is mentioned not necessarily because it is an analytic tool, but because so many jurists and scholars see it as an impediment to the application of preclusionary doctrines.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.163-200
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• 1999

The CISG entrusts many problems to trade or practice : for example the problems which can't be compromised between civil law system and common law system ; the problems in which the application of usage or practice in universal ; the problems of rapid change according to trade circumstance. The purpose of this paper is to confirm whether the CISG is accomodating the usage or practice in its Text, and to find which topic is most closely related to usage or practice in CISG. The Article 9 in the CISG is a provision of usages or practices applicable to contract. But the problems of the CISG in the accomodation of usages or practices are that it lacks the definitions of ‘usage’ and ‘practices’, the CISG is not concerned with the validity of any usage according to Article 4, and the application of usage or practice may differ in litigation and arbitration The topics such as delivery of goods, payment of price and the transfer of risk are most closely related to usages and practices. The delivery of goods and the transfer of risk are determined by the trade terms like FOB or CIF. But the method of identification and the risk for the sale of goods in transit can't be determined by the trade terms in INCOTERMS(1990). So the CISG may serve as complementing role. In payment of price, the trade term does not refer to the time and place of payment. So the CISG may be the basis of interpretation. Likewise the usages and practices such as trade terms, UCP and so on, can be expected to play a significant role in complementing and interpreting the CISG.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.195-212
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• 2005

International trade has been changed from traditional trade to e-trade due to the fast expanding of information technology like e-marketplace, EDI (Electronic data interchange) using Internet since mid of 1990's. e-Trade, as a new trade method, could handle every trade procedure such as market research, contract, customs clearance, logistics and payment using IT like internet without restriction of time and space. The evolution of transaction-based business model is upon us. The business models of many e-Marketplace in their early stages have typically been based on transaction fees. Many e-Marketplaces have even called out transaction revenues as a core element of their business plans. The transaction business represents the most simple of business models, but it does not provide a long-term sustain able advantage. For buyer's convenience, wide selection and test price hold appeal. For suppliers, the extended global market reach and direct access to customers and consortiums of customers is powerful. To maximize leverage of these new e-marketplace, you must from both a buyer perspective as well as a supplier perspective. Also required is a strategy that takes in account all of the various e-Marketplace transaction standards and one that allows the easy accomodation to new e-marketplace as the market change. These new e-marketplace will need to be factored into the sales channel strategies. To be successful, integration with these e-marketplaces should occur at a complete business process level. This study would suggest on the role of buyers and sellers for e-trade which could maximize effect of e-trade in order to cope with rapid changing IT environment and global trade environment. Therefore, this study suggests top priority tasks for implementing on the specialization strategy of e-trade process.